Automorphism groups of symmetric and pseudo-real Riemann surfaces
Let \(X\) be a closed Riemann surface of genus \(g \geq 2\). Denote by \(\mathrm{Aut}^{\pm}(X)\) its group of conformal and anticonformal automorphisms and by \(\mathrm{Aut}^{+}(X)\) its subgroup of the conformal ones (a subgroup of index at most two). If \(X\) admits an anticonformal automorphism of order two (a symmetry), then it is called symmetric. If \(X\) admits anticonformal automorphisms, but none of them a symmetry, then it is called pseudo-real (or asymmetric). The symmetric and pseudo-real Riemann surfaces correspond to the real points of the natural real structure on moduli space \({\mathcal M}_{g}\). Symmetric Riemann surfaces can be defined by algebraic curves defined over the reals; meanwhile the pseudo-real ones are not (but the intersection of all fields of definitions is a subfield of the reals). A finite (abstract) group \(H\) acts on \(X\) if there is a one-to-one homomorphism \(\eta:H \to \mathrm{Aut}^{\pm}(X)\) (set \(H^{+}:=\eta^{-1}(\eta(H) \cap\mathrm{Aut}^{+}(X))\)). In other words, we may realize \(H\) as a group of automorphisms of \(X\). Let us assume that a finite group \(H\) admits an action on some closed Riemann surface \(X_{0}\), of genus \(g \geq 2\), in such a way that: (i) if \(H<\mathrm{Aut}^{+}(X_{0})\), then \(X_{0}/H\) is an orbifold of genus zero and (ii) if \(H \neq H^{+}\), then \(X_{0}/H\) has no boundary (this is equivalent to say that in \(H\) there is not a symmetry with non-empty set of fixed points). The main results of the paper (Theorems 3.2. and 3.4.) provide conditions for the existence of a Riemann surface \(X\), of the same genus \(g\), admitting an action of a group \(H'\), where (i) \(H' \cong H \rtimes {\mathbb Z}_{2}\) (the \({\mathbb Z}_{2}\) component being generated by a symmetry) and (ii) \(H' \cong H \rtimes D_{2n}\) (the dihedral group \(D_{2n}\) being generated by a symmetry and a conformal involution). A consequence of Theorem 3.2., is Corollary 3.3., which states that every finite group \(H\) acts on infinitely many symmetric Riemann surfaces. In Theorem 4.2., the author provides conditions on \(H\) such that \(\mathrm{Aut}^{\pm}(X) \cong H \rtimes {\mathbb Z}_{4k}\), where \(X\) is pseudo-real. Finally, the author provides conditions on \(H\) such that \(X\) is pseudo-real and there is another symmetric Riemann surface \(Y\) (of the same genus as \(X\)) admitting \(H\) as a group of automorphisms (with \(Y/H\) being a hyperelliptic Klein surface). The paper contains explicit examples which are very appreciated in order to follow the main ideas.
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