Hill representations for -linear matrix maps

DOI10.1016/J.INDAG.2021.08.003MaRDI QIDQ2076511zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yanyan Li

Publication date 22 February 2022

Published in Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14500

zbMATH Keywords

Choi matrixHermitian preserving mapslinear matrix mapsmatricization

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Multilinear algebra, tensor calculus (15A69) Linear preserver problems (15A86) Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48) Transformers, preservers (linear operators on spaces of linear operators) (47B49)

Abstract: In a paper from 1973 R.D. Hill studied linear matrix maps $mathcalL:mathbb{C}^{qimesq}omathbb{C}^{nimesn}$ which map Hermitian matrices to Hermitian matrices, or equivalently, preserve adjoints, i.e., $mathcalL(V^{\ast })=mathcalL(V{)}^{\ast }$, via representations of the form �egin{equation*} mathcal{L}(V)=sum_{k,l=1}^m mathbb{H}_{kl}, A_l V A_k^*,quad Vinmathbb{C}^{q imes q}, end{equation*} for matrices $A_1,ldots,A_{m}inmathbb{C}^{nimesq}$ and continued his study of such representations in later work, sometimes with co-authors, to completely positive matrix maps and associated matrix reorderings. In this paper we expand the study of such representations, referred to as Hill representations here, in various directions. In particular, we describe which matrices $A_1,ldots,A_m$ can appear in Hill representations (provided the number $m$ is minimal) and determine the associated Hill matrix $mathbbH=left[mathbb{H}_{kl}ight]$ explicitly. Also, we describe how different Hill representations of $mathcalL$ (again with $m$ minimal) are related and investigate further the implication of $\ast$-linearity on the linear map $mathcalL$.

Review text

The content of this paper is closely related to the content of another paper by the same authors, see [Linear Algebra Appl. 628, 140--181 (2021; Zbl 1476.15046)]. We borrow some of the notation from that review. Consider a linear matrix map \(\mathcal L: \mathbb F^{q\times q} \to \mathbb F^{n\times n}\). \textit{R. D. Hill} [Linear Algebra Appl. 6, 257--262 (1973; Zbl 0252.15012)] studied representations of linear maps \(\mathcal L\) of the form \[\mathcal L(V) = \sum_{k,l = 1}^m \mathbb H_{kl} A_l V A_k^\ast\] for matrices \(A_1,\dotsc,A_m \in \mathbb F^{n\times q}\) and showed that \(\mathcal L\) is \(\ast\)-linear if and only if \([\mathbb H_{kl}]_{k,l=1}^m \in \mathbb F^{m \times m}\) is Hermitian. The various connections of such representations of \(\mathcal L\) and the matrix \([\mathbb H_{kl}]\) were further studied by \textit{R. D. Hill} and collaborators in subsequent papers. In this paper, the authors refer to a representation of \(\mathcal L\) via the matrices \(A_1,\dotsc,A_m\) having \(m\) minimal as a \textit{minimal Hill representation} and ask: which matrices \(A_1,\dotsc,A_m\) can occur? The first main result (see Theorem 1.1) can be summarized as following. Theorem. If \(\mathcal L\) is \(\ast\)-linear and \(m\) is chosen as the rank of the so-called \textit{Choi matrix} \(\mathbb L\) associated to \(\mathcal L\), then \(\mathcal L\) admits a minimal Hill representation with \(A_1,\dotsc,A_m\) determined by the matricization \(L\) associated to \(\mathcal L\). Moreover, all minimal Hill representations of \(\mathcal L\) follow this prescription, and any matrices \(A_1,\dotsc,A_m\) satisfying a spanning relation with the block matrices in the matricization \(L\) appear in some Hill representation of \(\mathcal L\). The second main result (see Theorem 1.2), which shall be explained much more succinctly, relates two minimal Hill representations of \(\mathcal L\) corresponding to the sets of matrices \(A_1,\dotsc,A_m\) and \(A_1',\dotsc,A_m'\) via a certain invertible matrix in \(\mathbb F^{m\times m}\). Structurally, the paper spends some time on preliminaries and provides a partial literature review for related results in Sections 3 and 4, which will be invaluable to the reader. The main contribution is Section 5 (which proves the two main theorems above) and several worked examples in Section 6.

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• A Hill-Pick matrix criterion for the Lyapunov order
• The gauge group and perturbation semigroup of an operator system

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