A sum of squares not divisible by a prime

DOI10.1007/S11139-022-00591-3MaRDI QIDQ2084540zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Kyoungmin Kim, Byeong-Kweon Oh

Publication date 18 October 2022

Published in The Ramanujan Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.03038

zbMATH Keywords

indivisibility by primesrepresentations by quadratic formssum of squares

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25) Analytic theory (Epstein zeta functions; relations with automorphic forms and functions) (11E45)

Review text

In this paper, a refinement of the classical Lagrange Four-Square Theorem is considered. For a prime \(p\), define \(S(p)\) to be the smallest positive integer \(k\) such that every positive integer can be expressed as a sum of at most \(k\) squares of integers that are not divisible by \(p\). The authors prove that \(S(2)=10\), \(S(3)=6\), \(S(5)=5\), and \(S(p)=4\) for every prime \(p\geq 5\). More precisely, it is shown that for \(p\geq 5\), every positive integer \(n\) can be expressed as a sum of at most four squares not divisible by \(p\) with the single exception of \(p=5\) and \(n=79\), in which case five squares are needed. In various cases, the proofs involve the use of the Minkowski-Siegel formula, the classical theory of binary quadratic forms, and some results from the theory of modular forms. Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form \(x^2+y^2+10z^2\) plays a role in the case when \(p\equiv 3\pmod 4\) and \(n\) is divisible by \(p\).

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Cited in

(9)

• 169 and sums of positive squares
• Uniqueness for sums of nonvanishing squares
• Restricted sums of four squares
• The Representation of an Integer as the Sum of the Square of a Prime and of a Square-Free Integer
• A sum of squares not divisible by a prime
• Tight universal octagonal forms
• Regular ternary sums of generalized octagonal numbers
• Sums of squares of integers except for a fixed one
• Sums of squares of integers from residue classes

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