Unified products for Jordan algebras. Applications
The paper is a continuation focusing to Jordan algebras of the earlier works [\textit{A. L. Agore} and \textit{G. Militaru}, J. Algebra 336, No. 1, 321--341 (2011; Zbl 1264.16031); Monatsh. Math. 174, No. 2, 169--193 (2014; Zbl 1378.17033); Algebr. Represent. Theory 17, No. 3, 831--848 (2014; Zbl 1337.20029)] by the authors concerning extensions of generic categories of algebraic structures. Actually they investigate here the following structure extension problem: (ES) Given a Jordan algebra \(A\) over a field of characteristic different from \(2\) contained in a vector space \(E\) as a linear subspace, describe and classify up to an isomorphism all Jordan algebra structures on \(E\) extending \(A\). In particular, if \(A\) and \(V\) are two Jordan algebras, describe and classify all extensions of \(V\) by \(A\), that is determine the Jordan algebras \(E\) that fit into an exact sequence \(0 \longrightarrow A \overset{i}\longrightarrow E \overset{p}\longrightarrow V \longrightarrow 0\). Section 1 provides the necessary material specified to the category of Jordan algebras and Section 2 is devoted to the study of (ES) with the strategy developed in their monograph [\textit{A. Agore} and \textit{G. Militaru}, Extending structures. Fundamentals and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (2020; Zbl 07092993)]. The main result, Theorem 2.10 provides the theoretical answer to (ES) by constructing a non-abelian cohomological type object \(\mathcal{J}_A (V, A)\) which classifies all Jordan algebras containing and stabilizing \(A\) as a subalgebra of codimension equal to \(\dim (V)\). Any such algebra is isomorphic to a unified product \(A \sharp V\) connected through two actions and a generalized cocycle. As for this task requiring sophisticated calculations, in Theorem the object \(\mathcal{J}_A (k, A)\) is computed explicitly for the case of \(A\) being of codimension \(1\) in \(E\). This is the key step in classifying finite dimensional flag Jordan algebras introduced in Definition 2.11 as a generalization of supersolvable Jordan algebras. Another application is given in Theorem 2.19 which proves an Artin type theorem for Jordan algebras. Section 3 is devoted to application with important special case crossed products of the unified product \(\sharp\). In Theorem 3.5 it is shown that all extensions of a given Jordan algebra \(V\) by a Jordan algebra \(A\) can be classified by the non-abelian cohomology \(\mathrm{H}^2_{\mathrm{nab}} (V, A)\) which is explicitly constructed. In particular any finite dimensional Jordan algebra is isomorphic to a crossed product \(\Big(\cdots\big( ( S_1 \# S_2) \# S_3\big) \# \cdots \# S_t\Big)\) of finite dimensional simple Jordan algebras. For this case a precise description of \(\mathrm{H}^2_{\mathrm{nab}} (k, A)\) is given including the nice result \(\mathrm{H}^2_{\mathrm{nab}} (k,k^n) \simeq \{ D\in M_n(k) : 2D^3-3D^2+D=0\}\) in Jordan sense where \(M_n(k)\) denotes the set of \(n\times n\) matrices over \(k\).
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