The factorization problem for Jordan algebras: applications

Structure theory for Jordan algebras (17C10) Jordan structures associated with other structures (17C50) Finite-dimensional structures of Jordan algebras (17C55)

Abstract: We investigate the factorization problem as well as the classifying complements problem in the setting of Jordan algebras. Matched pairs of Jordan algebras and the corresponding bicrossed products are introduced. It is shown that any Jordan algebra which factorizes through two given Jordan algebras is isomorphic to a bicrossed product associated to a certain matched pair between the same two Jordan algebras. Furthermore, a new type of deformation of a Jordan algebra is proposed as the main step towards solving the classifying complements problem.

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The authors investigete the following fundamental problems: (1) Let \(A\) and \(V\) be two given Jordan algebras. Describe and classify up to an isomorphism all Jordan algebras \(E\) that factorize through \(A\) and \(V\), i.e. \(E\) contains \(A\) and \(V\) as Jordan subalgebras such that \(E = A + V\) and \(A \cap V = \{0\}\). (2) Let \(A\subset E\) be a Jordan subalgebra of a Jordan algebra \(E\). If a complement of \(A\) in \(E\) exists (i.e. a Jordan subalgebra \(V \subset E\) such that \(E = A + V\) and \(A \cap V = \{0\}\)), describe and classify up to an isomorphism all other complements of \(A\) in \(E\). The main tools of their approach are matched pairs and bicross product constructions developed for Jordan algebras with analogous methods as the ones used for groups and Lie algebras earlier [\textit{M. Takeuchi}, Commun. Algebra 9, 841--882 (1981; Zbl 0456.16011); \textit{J.-H. Lu} and \textit{A. Weinstein}, J. Differ. Geom. 31, No. 2, 501--526 (1990; Zbl 0673.58018); \textit{S. Majid}, J. Algebra 130, No. 1, 17--64 (1990; Zbl 0694.16008)]. Given a tuple \((A,V,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) where \(A,V\) are two Jordan algebras and \(\triangleleft : V \times A \to V\) resp. \(\triangleright : V \times A \to V\) are bilinear maps, its associated bicrossed product denoted by \(A \triangleright\!\!\triangleleft V\) is the vector space \(A \times V\) together with the bilinear map \(\circ : (A \times V) \times (A \times V) \to A \times V\) defined by \((a, x) \circ (b, y) := \big( ab + x \triangleright b + y \triangleright a, x \triangleleft b + y \triangleleft a + xy \big)\). According to Theorem 3.2, \(A \triangleright\!\!\triangleleft V\) is a Jordan algebra structure on \(A \times V\) if and only if \(\triangleleft\) resp. \(\triangleright\) constitute left resp. right actions satisfying six natural compatibility conditions in which case we call the tuple \((A,V,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) a matched pair of Jordan algebras. Due to Theorem 3.6, a Jordan algebra \(E\) factorizes through two given Jordan algebras \(A\) and \(V\) if and only if there exists a matched pair of Jordan algebras \((A, V,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) such that \(E = A \triangleright\!\!\triangleleft V\). Thus we can view the factorization problem of Jordan algebras as the task of describing the family of all matched pairs \((A,V,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) along with the classification of all bicrossed products \(A\triangleright\!\!\triangleleft V\). To this issue, given two matched pairs \((A,V,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) and \((A^\prime,V^\prime,\triangleleft^\prime,\triangleright^\prime)\), the authors provide a coordinatization of the form \(\psi=\psi_{r,s,t,q)} : (a,x)\mapsto \big( r(a)+t(x) , s(a)+q(x) \big)\) via a bijective correspondence between the set of all morphisms \(\psi: A \triangleright\!\!\triangleleft V \to A^\prime \triangleright\!\!\triangleleft V^\prime\) and the set of all quadruples \((r, s, t, q)\), with \(r : A \to A^\prime\), \(s : A \to V^\prime\), \(t : V \to A^\prime\), \(q : V \to V^\prime\) satisfying seven compatibility conditions. The closing section of the paper is devoted to a new deformation concept for Jordan algebras: Given a matched pair \((A,B,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\), a linear map \(r: B\to A\) is a deformation map by definition if \(r(xy) - r(x)r(y) = x \triangleright r(y) + y \triangleright r(x) - r \big( x \triangleleft r(y) + y \triangleleft r(x) \big)\) for all \(x,y\in B\). Recalling that, as a consequence of Theorem 3.6, if \(B\) is an \(A\)-complement in \(E=A+B\) with \(A\mathcal B=\{ 0\}\) then there exists a canonical matched pair \((A, B,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) of Jordan algebras such that the corresponding bicrossed product \(A \triangleright\!\!\triangleleft B\) is Jordan algebra isomorphic with \(E\) and the actions of \((A, B,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) arise from the (unique) decomposition \((0, b)\circ (a, 0) = (b \triangleright a, b \triangleleft a)\) \((a \in A , b \in B)\). Hence, if \(A\) is a Jordan subalgebra of \(E\), \(B\) a given A-complement of \(E\) and \(r : B \to A\) is a deformation map of the associated canonical matched pair \((A, B,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\) then we can introduce the \(r\)-deformation \(B_r\) of \(B\) as the Jordan algebra with the new multiplication \(x \cdot_r y := xy + x \triangleleft r(y) + y \triangleleft r(x)\) defined for all \(x, y \in B by\). One can describe all complements of a Jordan subalgebra \(A\) of \(E\) In terms of deformations as follows. Let \(A\) be a Jordan subalgebra of \(E\), \(B\) a given \(A\)-complement of \(E\) with the associated canonical matched pair \((A, B,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\). Then \(\overline{B}\) is an \(A\)-complement of \(E\) if and only if, for some deformation map \(r : B \to A\) of \((A, B,\triangleleft,\triangleright)\), there exists an isomorphism \(\overline{B} \simeq B_r\) of Jordan algebras. The results are illustrated with instructive examples throughout.

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