Balance and pattern distribution of sequences derived from pseudorandom subsets of Z_q

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Publication:2129367



Abstract: Let q be a positive integer and mathcalS=leftx0,x1,ldots,xT−1ightsubseteqmathbbZq=0,1,ldots,q−1 with 0leq x_0<x_1<ldots< x_{T-1}leq q-1. We derive from mathcalS three (finite) sequences. 1. For an integer Mgeq2 let (sn) be the M-ary sequence defined by �egin{eqnarray*} s_nequiv x_{n+1}-x_n �mod M, qquad n=0,1,ldots, T-2. end{eqnarray*} 2. For an integer mgeq2 let (tn) be the binary sequence defined by �egin{eqnarray*} t_n=left{�egin{array}{ll} 1, & hbox{if } 1leq x_{n+1}-x_nleq m-1, \ 0, & hbox{otherwise}, end{array} ight. qquad n=0,1,ldots, T-2. end{eqnarray*} 3. Let (un) be the characteristic sequence of mathcalS, �egin{eqnarray*} u_n=left{�egin{array}{ll} 1, & hbox{if } nin mathcal{S}, \ 0, & hbox{otherwise}, end{array} ight. qquad n=0,1,ldots, q-1. end{eqnarray*} We study the balance and pattern distribution of the sequences (sn), (tn) and (un). For sets mathcalS with desirable pseudorandom properties, more precisely, sets with low correlation measures, we show the following: 1. The sequence (sn) is (asymptotically) balanced and has uniform pattern distribution if T is of smaller order of magnitude than q. 2. The sequence (tn) is balanced and has uniform pattern distribution if T is approximately left(1−frac121/(m−1)ight)q. 3. The sequence (un) is balanced and has uniform pattern distribution if T is approximately fracq2. These results are motivated by earlier results for the sets of quadratic residues and primitive roots modulo a prime. We unify these results and derive many further (asymptotically) balanced sequences with uniform pattern distribution from pseudorandom subsets.


For a positive integer $q$, let $\mathcal S=\{x_0,x_1,\dots,x_{T-1}\}\subseteq\mathbb Z_q$ with $0\le x_0<x_1<\dots<x_{T-1}\le q-1$. In this paper, the balance and pattern distribution are studied for the three finite sequences $(s_n)$, $(t_n)$ and $(u_n)$ derived from $\mathcal S$. For sets $\mathcal S$ with low correlation measures, the following is shown: (1) For an integer $M\ge 2$, $(s_n)$ ($n=0,1,\dots,T-2$) is the $M$-ary sequence defined by $s_n\equiv x_{n+1}-x_n\mod{M}$. Then the sequence $(s_n)$ is (asymptotically) balanced and has uniform pattern distribution if $T$ is of smaller order of magnitude than $q$. (2) For an integer $m\ge 2$, $(t_n)$ ($n=0,1,\dots,T-2$) is the binary sequence defined by $$ t_n=\begin{cases} 1&\text{ if }1\le x_{n+1}-x_n\le m-1,\\ 0&\text{otherwise}. \end{cases} $$ Then, the sequence $(t_n)$ is balanced and has uniform pattern distribution if $T$ is approximately $(1-2^{-1/(m-1)})q$. (3) $(u_n)$ ($n=0,1,\dots,q-1$) is the characteristic sequence of $\mathcal S$, defined by $$ u_n=\begin{cases} 1&\text{ if }n\in\mathcal S,\\ 0&\text{otherwise}. \end{cases} $$ Then, the sequence $(u_n)$ is balanced and has uniform pattern distribution if $T$ is approximately $q/2$. The approach of \textit{A. Winterhof} and \textit{Z. Xiao} [IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 67, No. 8, 5334--5338 (2021; Zbl 1486.11155); Adv. Math. Commun. 16, No. 1, 83--93 (2022; Zbl 1481.94079)] is generalized for the sets of quadratic residues and primitive roots modulo $p$ to any pseudorandom subset. This unifies previous results and provides many further (asymptotically) balanced sequences with uniform pattern distribution from pseudorandom subsets.











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