Tropical mirror symmetry in dimension one

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elliptic curves Feynman integral Fock space Gromov-Witten invariants mirror symmetry quasimodular forms tropical geometry

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Holomorphic modular forms of integral weight (11F11) Coverings of curves, fundamental group (14H30) Elliptic curves (14H52) Relationships between algebraic curves and physics (14H81) Mirror symmetry (algebro-geometric aspects) (14J33) Enumerative problems (combinatorial problems) in algebraic geometry (14N10) Gromov-Witten invariants, quantum cohomology, Gopakumar-Vafa invariants, Donaldson-Thomas invariants (algebro-geometric aspects) (14N35) Applications of tropical geometry (14T90) Feynman diagrams (81T18)

Abstract: We prove a tropical mirror symmetry theorem for descendant Gromov-Witten invariants of the elliptic curve, generalizing the tropical mirror symmetry theorem for Hurwitz numbers of the elliptic curve, Theorem 2.20 in [B"ohm J., Bringmann K., Buchholz A., Markwig H., J. Reine Angew. Math. 732 (2017), 211-246, arXiv:1309.5893]. For the case of the elliptic curve, the tropical version of mirror symmetry holds on a fine level and easily implies the equality of the generating series of descendant Gromov-Witten invariants of the elliptic curve to Feynman integrals. To prove tropical mirror symmetry for elliptic curves, we investigate the bijection between graph covers and sets of monomials contributing to a coefficient in a Feynman integral. We also soup up the traditional approach in mathematical physics to mirror symmetry for the elliptic curve, involving operators on a Fock space, to give a proof of tropical mirror symmetry for Hurwitz numbers of the elliptic curve. In this way, we shed light on the intimate relation between the operator approach on a bosonic Fock space and the tropical approach.

Review text

In this article, the authors present a tropical mirror symmetry theorem for elliptic curves. More precisely, they show that the generating series of tropical stationary descendant Gromov-Witten invariants is given by a Feynman integral. This expands on previous work [\textit{J. Böhm} et al., J. Reine Angew. Math. 732, 211--246 (2017; Zbl 1390.14191)], where the case of all powers of psi-conditions being 1 (and thus the Gromov-Witten invariants being Hurwitz numbers) was treated. Also, since tropical and classical GW invariants coincide (correspondence theorem) the tropical theorem gives a new proof for the classical mirror symmetry theorem for elliptic curves. To prove their main theorem, the authors identify the coefficients of the Feynman integral with the GW-invariants directly. They also present an alternative proof for the special case of Hurwitz numbers, which passes through \emph{matrix elements}, i.e. elements of the bosonic Fock space. Additionally, the article gives many examples illustrating the definitions. The \textit{tropical Gromov-Witten invariants} of interest in this paper are \begin{itemize} \item The weighted count of tropical covers \(\Gamma \to E_\mathbb{T}\) of degree \(d\), where \(\Gamma\) is of genus \(g\), \(E_\mathbb{T}\) is a tropical elliptic curve, and there are \(n\) specified point and psi-conditions of power \(k_i\). This number is denoted \(\langle \tau_{k_1}(pt) \cdots \tau_{k_n}(pt)\rangle^{E, d, trop}_{g, n}\). \item If additionally the combinatorial type of the contributing covers is fixed to a given Feynman graph \(\Gamma\) with vertex genera \(\underline{g}\), and if the multidegrees \(\underline{a}\) are fixed over each edge, then one obtains the finer invariant \(\langle \tau_{k_1}(pt) \cdots \tau_{k_n}(pt)\rangle^{E, \underline{a}, trop}_{\Gamma, n}\). \end{itemize} Now a \textit{Feynman integral} \(I_{\Gamma, \underline{g}}(q)\) is a formal power series in the variable \(q\) which is build from pieces that are assembled according to the combinatorics of \((\Gamma, \underline{g})\). Mirror symmetry for elliptic curves states that \[ \sum_{d \geq 1} \langle \tau_{k_1}(pt) \cdots \tau_{k_n}(pt)\rangle^{E, d}_{g, n} q^d = \sum_{(\Gamma, \underline{g})} (\text{automorphism factor}) I_{\Gamma, \underline{g}}(q) \] holds for the classical GW invariants. The tropical mirror symmetry theorem presented in this article holds on a finer level: namely we may fix a combinatorial type \((\Gamma, \underline{g})\) and use separate formal variables \(q_1, \ldots, q_r\) for each edge in \(\Gamma\). Then \[ \sum_{\underline{a} \in \mathbb{N}^r} \langle \tau_{k_1}(pt) \cdots \tau_{k_n}(pt) \rangle^{E, \underline{a}, trop}_{\Gamma, n} q_1^{a_1} \cdots q_r^{a_r} = I_{\Gamma, \underline{g}}(q_1, \ldots, q_r). \] For the proof, the authors in fact fix even slightly more data on both sides and then show that the GW invariants on the left equal the coefficients of the Feynman integral in the right. For the alternative proof of the tropical mirror symmetry theorem recall that the \textit{bosonic Fock space} \(F\) is generated by the operation of an algebra \(\mathcal{H}\) of operators on a single generator \(v_\emptyset\). Each element \(A \in \mathcal{H}\) gives rise to a \emph{matrix element} in \(F\) and it is known that relative GW invariants of \(\mathbb{P}^1\) can be expressed by matrix elements. Tropically, one can move between relative invariants of \(\mathbb{P}^1\) and invariants of the elliptic curve \(E\) by cutting/ gluing the coverings at infinity. To accommodate the possible choices in the gluing procedure, the authors refine the definition of the Fock space by adding more operators to \(\mathcal{H}\), corresponding to labeling the ends over \(\pm \infty\) in the tropical projective line. This then allows to express \(\langle \tau_1(pt)^n \rangle^{E, \underline{a}, trop}_{\Gamma, n}\) again by matrix elements. Finally, introducing formal variables in the matrix elements turns the GW invariant into a coefficient of a formal power series. This is identified with the corresponding coefficient in the Feynman integrals, thus achieving the second poof of the main theorem.

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