Aspects of Iwasawa theory over function fields

DOI10.4171/198-1/7MaRDI QIDQ2197706zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Andrea Bandini, Ignazio Longhi, Francesc Bars

Publication date 1 September 2020

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2289

$L$-functions Bernoulli-Carlitz numbers class groups global function fields Iwasawa main conjecture Selmer groups

Elliptic curves over global fields (11G05) Drinfel'd modules; higher-dimensional motives, etc. (11G09) (L)-functions of varieties over global fields; Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (11G40) Iwasawa theory (11R23) Arithmetic theory of algebraic function fields (11R58)

Abstract: We consider

m a t h b b Z_{p}^{m a t h b b N}

-extensions

m a t h c a l F

of a global function field

F

and study various aspects of Iwasawa theory with emphasis on the two main themes already (and still) developed in the number fields case as well. When dealing with the Selmer group of an abelian variety

A

defined over

F

, we provide all the ingredients to formulate an Iwasawa Main Conjecture relating the Fitting ideal and the

p

-adic

L

-function associated to

A

and

m a t h c a l F

. We do the same, with characteristic ideals and

p

-adic

L

-functions, in the case of class groups (using known results on characteristic ideals and Stickelberger elements for

m a t h b b Z_{p}^{d}

-extensions). The final section provides more details for the cyclotomic

m a t h b b Z_{p}^{m a t h b b N}

-extension arising from the torsion of the Carlitz module: in particular, we relate cyclotomic units with Bernoulli-Carlitz numbers by a Coates-Wiles homomorphism.

Review text

In this chapter 7 of the book, the authors present a detailed survey of ``aspects of Iwasawa theory over function fields, but not including some new developments impulsed by the work of L. Taelman around 2012. Throughout $F$ will be a global function field, with characteristic $p$ and constant field $\mathbb{F}_F$. The discussion will be limited to abelian Galois extensions of $F$. In this setting, local groups of units are $\mathbb{Z}_p$-modules of infinite rank. In particular, the natural analogue of the (cyclotomic) $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ is the maximal $p$-adic abelian extension $\mathcal{F}/F$ unramified outside a fixed place, with Galois group $\Gamma\cong\mathbb{Z}_p^N$, so that the Iwasawa algebra $\Lambda=\mathbb{Z}_p\Gamma$ is not Noetherian. The present article is divided into two great sections: 1) In the first section, from a ``motivic perspective, the authors start from elliptic curves and abelian varieties over $F$ to study problems analogous to the number theoretic ones. The statement on the algebraic side of an Iwasawa Main Conjecture (IMC) requires the construction of an adequate $\Lambda$-torsion module and an associated (algebraic) $p$-adic $L$-function. To get around the non noetherianity of $\Lambda$, the authors propose to see it as an inverse limit of noetherian Iwasawa algebras $\Lambda_d$ attached to intermediary $\mathbb{Z}_p^d$-extensions. More precisely, let $A/F$ be an abelian variety, $A[p^n]$ the group scheme of $p^n$-torsion points and $A[p^\infty]=\lim_\to A[p^n]$. For any finite algebraic extension $L/F$, denote by $\text{Sel}_A(L)_p$ the $p$-part of the Selmer group of $A$ over $L$, defined in the usual way via flat cohomology of group schemes. Given a $\mathbb{Z}_p^d$-extension $\mathcal{F}_d/F$ (for $d<\infty$) with Galois group $\Gamma_d$ and Iwasawa algebra $\Lambda_d$, the Pontrjagin dual $\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}_d)$ of $\text{Sel}_A(\mathcal{F}_d)_p$ is a noetherian (and some times torsion) $\Lambda_d$-module, whose structure can be described using the following control theorem: ``For any finite subextension $L/F$ of $\mathcal{F}_d$, let $a_L:\text{Sel}_A(L)_p\to\text{Sel}_A(\mathcal{F}_d)_p^{\Gamma_L}$ be the natural restriction map. Assume that $\mathcal{F}_d/F$ is unramified outside a finite set of places of $F$ and that $A$ has good ordinary or split multiplicative reduction at all ramified places. Then $\text{Ker }a_L$ is finite (of bounded order if $d=1$) and $\text{Coker }a_L$ is a cofinitely generated $\mathbb{Z}_p$-module. Moreover if all places of bad reduction for $A$ are unramified in $\mathcal{F}_d/F$, then $\text{Coker }a_L$ is finite as well (of bounded order if $d=1$) [\textit{K.-S. Tan}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 362, No. 8, 4433--4450 (2010; Zbl 1239.11122)]. In this setting, $\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}_d)$ is $\Lambda_d$-noetherian; moreover, if all ramified primes are of good reduction and $\text{Sel}_A(F)_p$ is finite, then $\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}_d)$ is $\Lambda_d$-torsion. One would like to define the algebraic $L_p$-function attached to the Pontrjagin dual $\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F})$ of $\text{Sel}_A(F)_p$ as being simply an inverse limit of characteristic ideals living in $\Lambda_d$, but the inverse limit of pseudo-null modules is not necessarily pseudo-null. Assuming that $A[p^\infty](\mathcal{F})=0$ or that $\text{Fitt}_{\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)}(\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}_d))$ is principal for all $\mathcal{F}_d$, the authors propose instead the candidacy of the pro-Fitting ideal $\widetilde{\text{Fitt}}_\Lambda\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}):=\underset{\leftarrow}{\lim}(\pi_d)^{-1}(\text{Fitt}_{\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)}(\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}_d))$, where $\pi_d$ is the natural projection $\Lambda\to\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)$. In the case where $A$ is an elliptic curve, the first hypothesis is satisfied if $j(A)\notin F^{\ast^p}$, and the second is satisfied in general by elementary $\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)$-modules or by modules having a presentation with the same number of generators and relations. On the analytic side, because of the complex Hasse-Weil $L$-function $L(A/F,s)$, the problem becomes to relate it to some element in an Iwasawa algebra. The authors briefly sketch how this can be done for so called ``modular abelian varieties of $\text{GL}_2$-type. They also recall the existence of various different approaches by Longhi, Pal, Tan etc. 2) The second section is devoted to a recap of what is known about the IMC for class groups in the framework of this chapter. Recall that a version of the IMC overa global function field $F$ was proved by \textit{R. Crew} [Invent. Math. 88, 395--403 (1987; Zbl 0615.14013)], in a geometric setting and using sophisticated (étale and crystalline) cohomological machinery. Here is a brief account of a more algebraically oriented (and with different cohomological tools) approach by Kueh-Lai-Tan and D. Burns. In view of applications to Drinfeld-Hayes cyclotomic extensions (see below), the authors restrict themselves to the particularly simple situation when the $\mathbb{Z}_p^N$-extension $\mathcal{F}/F$ is unramified outside a single prime $\mathcal{P}$ which is totally ramified in $\mathcal{F}/F$ (see the end of the introduction). For any finite extension $L/F$, let $\mathcal{M}(L)$ be the $p$-adic completion of the group of divisor classes of $L$, and introduce the ``Picard group $\mathcal{A}(L)$ as the kernel of the ``degree map $\mathcal{M}(L)\to\mathbb{Z}_p$. For a given finite $d$, it is well known that $\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{F}_d)$ is a noetherian $\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)$-module. Under a certain technical condition on the filration $(\mathcal{F}_d)$, the inverse images of the characteristic series $Ch_{\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)}(\mathcal|{A}(\mathcal{F}_d))$ w.r.t. the canonical projections $\pi_d:\Lambda\to\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)$ constitute an inverse system, so one can define a pro-characteristic ideal $\widetilde{Ch}_\Lambda(\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{F})):=\underset{\leftarrow}{\lim}(\pi_d)^{-1}(Ch_{\Lambda(\mathcal{F}_d)}(\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{F}_d)))$. It remains to mimick the construction of an inverse system of Stickelberger elements, with inverse limit $\vartheta_{\mathcal{F}/F,P}$, using the techniques of Weil-Deligne-Tate exposed in \textit{J. Tate}'s book [Les conjectures de Stark sur les fonctions $L$ d'Artin en $s=0$. Basel: Birkhäuser/Springer (1984; Zbl 0545.12009)], to get the desired IMC, namely $\widetilde{Ch}_\Lambda(\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{F}))=(\vartheta_{\mathcal{F}/F,P})$. The final subsection deals with the ``cyclotomic theory of function fields obtained via Drinfeld-Hayes modules. For simplification (but leaving intact the main aspects of the theory), the authors limit themselves to a base field $F=\mathbb{F}_q(T)$, with the usual place at infinity $\infty$, so that the ring of elements regular outside $\infty$ is $A:=\mathbb{F}_[T]$. In this case the only Drinfeld-Hayes module is the Carlitz module $\phi:A\to A\{\tau\}$, $T\to\phi_T:=T+\tau$, where $\tau$ is the operator $x\to x^q$ and, if $R$ is an $\mathbb{F}_p$-algebra, $R\{\tau\}$ is the ring of skew polynomials with coefficients in $R$, with multiplication given by composition. Fix a prime $\mathcal{P}=(\pi)$ in $R$ (with a monic $\pi$) and consider the ring of local integers $O_{\mathcal{P}}$ in the $\mathcal{P}$-adic completion $A_{\mathcal{P}}$. Put $F_n=F(\phi[\mathcal{P}^n])$ and $K_n=F_{\mathcal{P}}(\phi[\mathcal{P}_n])$. Since $\phi$ has rank 1, the Tate module $T_{\mathcal{P}}(\phi)$ is a free $A_{\mathcal{P}}$-module of rank 1. Fix a generator $\omega=(\omega_n)$, i.e. a sequence $\{\omega_n\}$ s.t. $\phi_{\pi^n}(\omega_n)=0\neq\phi_{\pi^{n-1}}(\omega_n)$ and $\phi_\pi(\omega_{n+1})=\omega_n$. By definition $K_n=F_{\mathcal{P}}(\omega_n)$ and it plays the same role as $\mathbb{Q}(\mu_{p^n})$ in number theory. Let $O_n$ be the closure in $K_n$ of the ring of $A$-integers $B_n$ of $F_n$, and let $\mathcal{U}_n$ be the subgroup of 1-units in $O_n^\ast$. Then, denoting by $\widehat{(.)}$ the $p$-adic completion, $\widehat{\underset{\leftarrow}{\lim}K}_n^\ast=\omega^{\boldsymbol{Z}_p}\times\underset{\leftarrow}{\lim}\mathcal{U}_n$ w.r.t. norms. Define the group of ``cyclotomic units $\mathcal{C}_n$ as the intersection of $B_n^\ast$ with the subgroup of $F_n^\ast$ generated by $\sigma(\omega_n)$, $\sigma\in\text{Gal}(F_n/F)$, and let resp. $\mathcal{C}_n$ and $\mathcal{C}_n^1$ be the closure of $\mathcal{C}_n\cap O^\ast_n$ and $C_n\cap\mathcal{U}_n$. When taking inverse limits w.r.t. norms along the tower $(F_n)$, the analogues in Drinfeld-Hayes' cyclotomic theory of the Coleman power series and of the Coates-Wiles homomorphisms in the number field case produce a Galois theoretic interpretation of the quotient $\mathcal{U}_\infty/\mathcal{C}_\infty^1$. More precisely, let $F_n^+$ be the fixed field in $F_n$ of the inertia group $I_\infty(F_n/F)$, $\mathcal{X}_n=$ the Galois group over $F_n^+$ of the maximal abelian extension of $F_N^+$ unramified outside $\mathcal{P}$ and totally split at $\infty$. Then $\mathcal{U}_\infty/\mathcal{C}_\infty^1\cong \mathcal{X}_\infty:=\underset{\leftarrow}{\lim}\mathcal{X}_n$. In general one expects an IMC under the form of an equality of (yet to be defined) characteristic ideals of $\mathcal{X}_\infty$ and of $\mathcal{U}_\infty/\mathcal{C}_\infty$. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1441.14003].

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