A dihedral Bott-type iteration formula and stability of symmetric periodic orbits

DOI10.1007/S00526-020-1709-7MaRDI QIDQ2296689zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Xijun Hu, Alessandro Portaluri, Ran Yang

Publication date 18 February 2020

Published in Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09173

3-body problem Bott iteration formula equivariant dihedral group action linear stability Maslov index spectral flow

Equivariant dynamical systems (37C81) Lagrangian submanifolds; Maslov index (53D12) Spectral flows (58J30) Three-body problems (70F07)

Abstract: In 1956, Bott in his celebrated paper on closed geodesics and Sturm intersection theory, proved an Index Iteration Formula for closed geodesics on Riemannian manifolds. Some years later, Ekeland improved this formula in the case of convex Hamiltonians and, in 1999, Long generalized the Bott iteration formula by putting in its natural symplectic context and constructing a very effective Index Theory. The literature about this formula is quite broad and the dynamical implications in the Hamiltonian world (e.g. existence, multiplicity, linear stability etc.) are enormous. Motivated by the recent discoveries on the stability properties of symmetric periodic solutions of singular Lagrangian systems, we establish a Bott-type iteration formula for dihedrally equivariant Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems. We finally apply our theory for computing the Morse indices of the celebrated Chenciner and Montgomery figure-eight orbit for the planar three body problem in different equivariant spaces. Our last dynamical consequence is an hyperbolicity criterion for reversible Lagrangian systems.

Review text

The paper studies Morse theoretic properties of orbits of Hamiltonian systems on Euclidean space invariant under the action of a compact Lie group (in fact finite subgroups of the orthogonal group). There are four main results. The first two theorems are Bott-type index formulas for Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems respectively invariant under an action of the dyhedral group. The first theorem on Hamiltonian systems contains several index indentities for the \textit{geometric index} of an orbit. This index is defined in Definition 1.3 using a Maslov-type index from [\textit{S. E. Cappell} et al., Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 47, No. 2, 121--186 (1994; Zbl 0805.58022)]. The second theorem gives similar formulas for the case of Lagrangian systems. The theory is then applied to \textit{figure eight solutions} of the \textit{planar} \(3\)\textit{-body problem} [\textit{A. Chenciner}, Contemp. Math. 292, 71--90 (2002; Zbl 1026.70017); \textit{A. Chenciner} and \textit{R. Montgomery}, Ann. Math. (2) 152, No. 3, 881--901 (2000; Zbl 0987.70009); \textit{A. Chenciner}, in: Topology methods, variational methods, and their applications. Proceedings of the ICM 2002 satellite conference on nonlinear functional analysis, Taiyuan, China, August 14--18, 2002. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific. 77--88 (2003; Zbl 1205.37076)]. Theorem 3 computes the Morse indices of the solution on the space of equivariant orbits. The last result (Theorem 4) is a criterion for the strong stability of an orbit of a Lagrangian system (see Definition 1.7). In Corollary 2 this is translated into a criterion for the hyperbolicity of the orbit. Finally Corollary 3 gives a new proof of a result from [\textit{D. C. Offin}, Differ. Integral Equ. 5, No. 3, 615--629 (1992; Zbl 0761.58040)].

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