On the almost sure convergence of adaptive allocation procedures
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Abstract: In this paper, we provide some general convergence results for adaptive designs for treatment comparison, both in the absence and presence of covariates. In particular, we demonstrate the almost sure convergence of the treatment allocation proportion for a vast class of adaptive procedures, also including designs that have not been formally investigated but mainly explored through simulations, such as Atkinson's optimum biased coin design, Pocock and Simon's minimization method and some of its generalizations. Even if the large majority of the proposals in the literature rely on continuous allocation rules, our results allow to prove via a unique mathematical framework the convergence of adaptive allocation methods based on both continuous and discontinuous randomization functions. Although several examples of earlier works are included in order to enhance the applicability, our approach provides substantial insight for future suggestions, especially in the absence of a prefixed target and for designs characterized by sequences of allocation rules.
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(10)- On asymptotic normality of certain linear rank statistics
- Improved estimation of average treatment effects under covariate-adaptive randomization methods
- Adaptive procedures for nested processes: application to equal employment
- Log-rank and stratified log-rank tests
- The impacts of unobserved covariates on covariate-adaptive randomized experiments
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- Inference after covariate-adaptive randomisation: aspects of methodology and theory
- Bayesian adaptive randomization with compound utility functions
- Toward Better Practice of Covariate Adjustment in Analyzing Randomized Clinical Trials
- Adaptive randomization for balancing over covariates
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