The projective translation equation and unramified 2-dimensional flows with rational vector fields

DOI10.1007/S00010-014-0284-4MaRDI QIDQ2350286zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Giedrius Alkauskas

Publication date 19 June 2015

Published in Aequationes Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.3958

zbMATH Keywords

hypergeometric functionflowrational solutioniterative functional equationlinear partial differential equationfinite group representationrational vector field(Dixonian) elliptic functionnon-singular projective flowsprojective translation equation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Elliptic functions and integrals (33E05) Rational and birational maps (14E05) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10) Algebraic functions and function fields in algebraic geometry (14H05) Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations (39B12) Elliptic curves (14H52) Flows on surfaces (37E35)

Abstract: Let X=(x,y). Previously we have found all rational solutions of the 2-dimensional projective translation equation, or PrTE, (1-z)f(X)=f(f(Xz)(1-z)/z); here f(X)=(u(x,y),v(x,y)) is a pair of two (real or complex) functions. Solutions of this functional equation are called projective flows. A vector field of a rational flow is a pair of 2-homogenic rational functions. On the other hand, only special pairs of 2-homogenic rational functions give rise to rational flows. In this paper we are interested in all non-singular (satisfying the boundary condition) and unramified (without branching points, i.e. single-valued functions in C^2{union of curves}) projective flows whose vector field is still rational. We prove that, up to conjugation with 1-homogenic birational plane transformation, these are of 6 types: 1) the identity flow; 2) one flow for each non-negative integer N - these flows are rational of level N; 3) the level 1 exponential flow, which is also conjugate to the level 1 tangent flow; 4) the level 3 flow expressable in terms of Dixonian (equianharmonic) elliptic functions; 5) the level 4 flow expressable in terms of lemniscatic elliptic functions; 6) the level 6 flow expressable in terms of Dixonian elliptic functions again. This reveals another aspect of the PrTE: in the latter four cases this equation is equivalent and provides a uniform framework to addition formulas for exponential, tangent, or special elliptic functions (also addition formulas for polynomials and the logarithm, though the latter appears only in branched flows). Moreover, the PrTE turns out to have a connection with Polya-Eggenberger urn models. Another purpose of this study is expository, and we provide the list of open problems and directions in the theory of PrTE; for example, we define the notion of quasi-rational projective flows which includes curves of arbitrary genus.

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Cited in

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• Planar 2-homogeneous commutative rational vector fields
• The projective translation equation and unramified 2-dimensional flows with rational vector fields
• The projective translation equation and rational plane flows. I

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