Spectrality of infinite Bernoulli convolutions

Borel probability measure infinite Bernoulli convolution orthonormal basis of exponential functions Ramsey theorem self-similar spectral measure spectrum

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Fractals (28A80) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Review text

Let \(\mu\) be a Borel probability measure on \(\mathbb R\) with compact support. Let \(\Lambda\) be a discrete set in \(\mathbb R\) and write \(e_\Lambda = \{e_\lambda: \lambda \in \Lambda\}\), where \(e_\lambda\) is the exponential function \(e^{-2\pi i\lambda x}\). The measure \(\mu\) is a \textit{spectral measure} if there exists \(\Lambda\) such that \(e_\Lambda\) is an orthonormal basis for \(L^2(\mu)\); in this case \(\Lambda\) is a spectrum of \(\mu\). In particular, if \(\mu\) is the normalized Lebesgue spectral measure supported on a Borel set \(\Omega\), then \(\Omega\) is called a spectral set. The authors study the spectrality of infinite Bernoulli convolutions. Let \(\{b_k - a_k\}_{k=1}^\infty\) be a sequence of positive integers with upper bound and let \(0 < \rho < 1\). Associated with them there is a probability measure \(\mu_{\rho,\{a_k,b_k\}}\) defined by \[ \mu_{\rho,\{a_k,b_k\}} = \delta_{\rho\{a_1,b_1\}}\ast \delta_{\rho^2\{a_1,b_1\}}\ast \dots \] where \(\delta_{\rho^k\{a_k,b_k\}}=\frac{1}{2}\delta_{\rho^k a_k}+\frac{1}{2}\delta_{\rho^k b_k}\) and \(\delta_a\) is the Dirac measure at \(a\), the sign \(\ast\) means the convolution and the convergence is in weak sense. If all \((a_k, b_k) = (0, 1)\), \(\mu_{\rho,\{a_k,b_k\}}\) is called \textit{infinite Bernoulli convolution}. Motivated by previous results as [\textit{X.-R. Dai}, Adv. Math. 231, No. 3--4, 1681--1693 (2012; Zbl 1266.42012); \textit{T.-Y. Hu} and \textit{K.-S. Lau}, Adv. Math. 219, No. 2, 554--567 (2008; Zbl 1268.42044)], the authors prove the following theorems: {Theorem 1.1.} Suppose that the infinite Bernoulli convolution \(\mu_{\rho,\{a_k,b_k\}}\) is a spectral measure. Then \(\rho=\frac{1}{2q}\) for some integer \(q \geq 1\). {Theorem 1.3.} Let \(b = 2^{l+1}q\) be an integer so that \(l>L\) if \(q = 1\) and \(l \geq L\) if the odd number \(q\) is bigger than \(1\). Then the infinite Bernoulli convolution \(\mu_{1/b,\{a_k,b_k\}}\) is a spectral measure. Some steps in the proofs are of independent interest. It should be noted that the Proposition~1.2, contained in the paper, gives an estimation for the infinite product of triangle functions.

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