The Apollonian structure of integer superharmonic matrices

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Publication:2364592



Abstract: We prove that the set of quadratic growths attainable by integer-valued superharmonic functions on the lattice mathbbZ2 has the structure of an Apollonian circle packing. This completely characterizes the PDE which determines the continuum scaling limit of the Abelian sandpile on the lattice mathbbZ2.


Let \(g\) be a \(\mathbb Z\)-valued function on \(\mathbb Z^2\) and satisfying \(\displaystyle\Delta g(x)=\sum_{y\sim x}(g(y)-g(x))\le 0\) such that \(\sim\) represents an equivalence relation. In a nutshell, among the results stated, the authors look for whether there is a function \(g:\mathbb Z^2\to \mathbb Z\) such that \(g(x)=\frac{1}{2}x^tAx+o(|x|^2)\) and \(\Delta g(x)\le 1\) for all \(x\in\mathbb Z^2\) where \(A\) is a square real matrix. In this situation we say that \(g\) is an integer superharmonic representative for \(A\), for more detail, see Theorem 1.2. The article is endowed with pleasant plots.











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