Multifractal analysis of Birkhoff averages for typical infinitely generated self-affine sets

DOI10.4171/JFG/3MaRDI QIDQ2444874zbMATH OpenWikidataFDO

Authors Antti Käenmäki, Henry W. J. Reeve

Publication date 11 April 2014

Published in Journal of Fractal Geometry (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5820

infinite iterated function system multifractal analysis pressure quasi-multiplicative potential self-affine set singular value function thermodynamic formalism

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Fractals (28A80) Thermodynamic formalism, variational principles, equilibrium states for dynamical systems (37D35)

Abstract: We develop a thermodynamic formalism for quasi-multiplicative potentials on a countable symbolic space and apply these results to the dimension theory of infinitely generated self-affine sets. The first application is a generalisation of Falconer's dimension formula to include typical infinitely generated self-affine sets and show the existence of an ergodic invariant measure of full dimension whenever the pressure function has a root. Considering the multifractal analysis of Birkhoff averages of general potentials

P h i

taking values in

R^{N}

, we give a formula for the Hausdorff dimension of

J_{P} h i (a l p h a)

, the

a l p h a

-level set of the Birkhoff average, on a typical infinitely generated self-affine set. We also show that for bounded potentials

P h i

, the Hausdorff dimension of

J_{P} h i (a l p h a)

is given by the maximum of the critical value for the pressure and the supremum of Lyapunov dimensions of invariant measures

m u

for which

i n t P h i, d m u = a l p h a

. Our multifractal results are new in both the finitely generated and the infinitely generated setting.

Review text

This long work studies the thermodynamic formalism for quasi-multiplicative potentials over countable alphabets. Several technical results are established, which lead to four main theorems: one variational principle and three multifractal dimension statements (which are novel even in the finitely generated setting). As an appetizer, we quote only Theorem B, a dimension result for an iterated function system constituted by a countable collection of contractive affine maps \(\{f_i\}_{i\in\mathbb{N}}\), \(f_i:\mathbb{R}^{d}\to\mathbb{R}^{d}\), acting on \(d\)-dimensional Euclidean space. Let \(f_i=T_i + a_i\), where the linear part \(T_i\) of \(f_i\) is uniformly contractive with \(\sup_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \|T_i\| < 1/2\), and \(a_i\in {[0,1]}^{d}\). Until the statement of Theorem B, \(a = (a_i)_{i\in\mathbb{N}}\) is fixed, though it appears as a subscript. Define the projection of the symbolic space \(\mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N}\) to be \(\pi_{a}:\mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{R}^{d}\), \(\pi_{a}(\omega) = \lim_{n\to\infty} f_{\omega_{1}} \circ \dots\circ f_{\omega_{n}} (0)\) for \(\omega = (\omega_{1},\dots,\omega_{n},\dots)\in \mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N}\). Then the set \(F_{a} = \pi_{a}(\mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N})\) is self-affine, \(F_a=\bigcup_{i\in\mathbb{N}} f_{i}(F_a)\). The singular value function of \(T\in \roman{GL}_{d}(\mathbb{R})\) is set to be \[ \varphi^{s}(T) = \gamma_{1}(T)\dots \gamma_{m}(T)\gamma_{m+1}(T)^{\delta}, \] when \(0\leq s=m+\delta\leq d\), \(m\in\mathbb{Z}\), \(0< \delta \leq 1\), and \(\varphi^{s}(T) = |\det T|^{s/d}\), when \(s\geq d\). Here \(\gamma_{1}(T)\geq \dots\geq \gamma_{d}(T) >0\) are the singular values of \(T\), i.e., the square roots of the eigenvalues of \(T^{*}T\). Write \(\Sigma_{*} = \bigcup_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \mathbb{N}^{n}\) for the set of finite words. The map \(\varphi: \Sigma_{*} \to (0,\infty)\) is a sub-multiplicative potential, if \(\varphi({\tau}{\upsilon}) \leq \varphi(\tau)\cdot \varphi(\upsilon)\), where \(\tau, \upsilon\in \Sigma_{*}\) and \({\tau}{\upsilon}\) is a concatenation of \(\tau\) and \(\upsilon\). It is quasi-multiplicative, if additionally there exist a constant \(c\geq 1\) and a finite subset \(\Gamma\subset \Sigma_{*}\) such that for each \(\tau, \upsilon \in\Sigma_{*}\) one can find \(\varkappa\in \Gamma\) so that \(\varphi(\tau)\cdot \varphi(\upsilon) \leq c\cdot \varphi(\tau{\varkappa}\upsilon)\). Given a sub-multiplicative potential \(\varphi\) we define the pressure \[ P(\varphi) = \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{1}{n} \log \sum_{\tau\in\mathbb{N}^{n}} \varphi(\tau). \] Theorem B: For almost all parameters \(a = (a_i)_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \in ([0,1]^{d})^{\mathbb{N}}\), the Hausdorff dimension of the self-affine set \(F_{a}\) of the IFS \(\{f_i = T_i + a_i\}_{i\in\mathbb{N}}\) on \(\mathbb{R}^{d}\), \(\sup_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \|T_i\| < 1/2\), can be expressed as \[ \text{(i)}\;\; \dim_{H}(F_a) = \min \{d, \inf \{s: P({\varphi}^s) \leq 0\} \}, \] \[ \text{(ii)}\;\; \dim_{H}(F_a) = \sup \{\dim_{H}(\,\pi_{a}(I^{\mathbb{N}})\,) : I\subset\mathbb{N} \;\text{is finite}\}, \] under the assumption that the associated potential \(\varphi^{s}(\tau_{1}\dots\tau_{n}) := \varphi^{s}(T_{\tau_{1}}\circ\dots T_{\tau_{n}})\) is quasi-multiplicative for all \(0\leq s\leq d\). Almost all in \(([0,1]^{d})^{\mathbb{N}}\) is meant in the sense of the countable product \({\bigotimes}_{\mathbb{N}}\; ([0,1]^{d}, \mathcal{L})\) of Lebesgue probability measures \(\mathcal{L}\) on \([0,1]^{d}\). Formula (ii) in Theorem B can be thought of as a variational principle for a countable system over its finite subsystems. According to Proposition 2.3.(3) in the article, \(\varphi^{s}\) is quasi-multiplicative provided \(T_{i} = \text{diag} (t_{1}^{i}, \dots, t_{d}^{i})\), \(1> |t_{1}^{i}| > \dots > t_{d}^{i} > 0\) for all \(i\in \mathbb{N}\). According to Remarks 2.4 in the article, quasi-multiplicativity may be a prevalent phenomenon in general, which is known to be true at least for \(d=2\).

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