Lorentz space estimates for the Ginzburg-Landau energy

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2007.11.010MaRDI QIDQ2472862zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 25 February 2008

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.1094

ball construction Lorentz spaces, Marcinkiewicz spaces vortex balls

Inequalities involving derivatives and differential and integral operators (26D10) Harmonic maps, etc. (58E20) Applications of variational problems in infinite-dimensional spaces to the sciences (58E50)

Abstract: In this paper we prove novel lower bounds for the Ginzburg-Landau energy with or without magnetic field. These bounds rely on an improvement of the "vortex balls construction" estimates by extracting a new positive term in the energy lower bounds. This extra term can be conveniently estimated through a Lorentz space norm, on which it thus provides an upper bound. The Lorentz space

L^{2, i n f t y}

we use is critical with respect to the expected vortex profiles and can serve to estimate the total number of vortices and get improved convergence results.

Review text

The authors consider the functional representing the Ginzburg--Landau free energy of the model of superconductivity, that is \[ F_{\varepsilon}(u,A)=\frac12\int_{\Omega}|\nabla_Au|^2|+|\text{curl} A|^2+\frac{(1-|u|^2)^2}{2\varepsilon ^2}, \] where \(\Omega\) is a bounded regular domain in \(\mathbb R^ 2\), \(u\) is a complex-valued function and \(A\in\mathbb R^2\) is a vector field in \(\Omega\), representing the vector potential of the magnetic field. The authors focus on the regime for small \(\varepsilon\). Note that \(\varepsilon\) is a material constants whose smallness indicates the superconductivity of the so-called type II. In this setting, \(u\) can have vortices (zeros of non-zero topological degree). The authors also consider the case without magnetic field (\(A=0\)). The main objective is to obtain lower bounds for \(F_{\varepsilon}\), in particular, bounds that relate \(F_{\varepsilon}(u,A)\) to the norms of \(\nabla u\) in the Marcinkiewicz space \(L^{2,\infty}\). These spaces and their dual Lorentz spaces \(L^{2,1}\) have been studied in a similar context by \textit{F.-H. Lin} and \textit{T. Rivière} [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 54, No. 2, 206--228 (2001; Zbl 1033.58013)]. Usually, the Ginzburg--Landau energy is unbounded as \(\varepsilon\) tends to zero, in fact, it blows up roughly like \(\pi n|\log n|\varepsilon\), where \(n\) is the number of vortices. The authors present several main results. First, they improve the \(L^2\)--lower bounds obtained by \textit{E. Sandier} and \textit{S. Serfaty} [Vortices in the magnetic Ginzburg-Landau model. Basel: Birkhäuser (2007; Zbl 1112.35002)] by a ball construction as follows: \[ \begin{aligned} \frac12\int_V&|\nabla_A u|^2+\frac1{2\varepsilon^2}(1-|u|^2)^2+r^2(\text{curl} A)^2\\ &\geq \pi D(\log\frac r{\varepsilon D}-C)+\frac1{18}\int|\nabla_{A+G}u|^2+\frac1{2\varepsilon^2}(1-|u|^2)^2, \end{aligned} \] where \(V\) is the intersection of the set \(\{x\in\Omega,\,\text{dist}(x,\partial\Omega)>\varepsilon\}\) with a union of a certain disjoint collection of closed balls \(B\), \(D=\sum_{B\subset\Omega}|d_B|\), and \(d_B=\deg(u,B)\). The improvement consists in the addition of the term \(\frac1{18}\int|\nabla_{A+G}u|^2\). Next, in their principal result, the authors give a bound involving the Marcinkiewicz norm, precisely \[ \begin{aligned} \frac12\int_V&|\nabla_A u|^2+\frac1{2\varepsilon^2}(1-|u|^2)^2+r^2(\text{curl} A)^2 +\pi\sum|d_B|^2\\ &\geq C \|\nabla_A\|^2_{L^{2,\infty}(V)}+\pi \sum|d_B|(\log\frac r{\varepsilon \sum|d_B|}-C), \end{aligned} \] where the sum is taken over all balls \(B\) in the above-mentioned collection. Various consequences are pointed out and a sequel paper in which the ideas are extended to an applied magnetic field is announced.

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