Equation of state for the universe from similarity symmetries

Dimensional analysis and similarity applied to problems in fluid mechanics (76M55) Macroscopic interaction of the gravitational field with matter (hydrodynamics, etc.) (83C55) Relativistic cosmology (83F05)

Abstract: In this paper we proposed to use the group of analysis of symmetries of the dynamical system to describe the evolution of the Universe. This methods is used in searching for the unknown equation of state. It is shown that group of symmetries enforce the form of the equation of state for noninteracting scaling multifluids. We showed that symmetries give rise the equation of state in the form

and energy density

, which is commonly used in cosmology. The FRW model filled with scaling fluid (called homological) is confronted with the observations of distant type Ia supernovae. We found the class of model parameters admissible by the statistical analysis of SNIa data. We showed that the model with scaling fluid fits well to supernovae data. We found that

O m e g a_{e x t m, 0} s i m e q 0.4

and

n s i m e q - 1

(

), which can correspond to (hyper) phantom fluid, and to a high density universe. However if we assume prior that

O m e g a_{e x t m, 0} = 0.3

then the favoured model is close to concordance

L a m b d a

CDM model. Our results predict that in the considered model with scaling fluids distant type Ia supernovae should be brighter than in

L a m b d a

CDM model, while intermediate distant SNIa should be fainter than in

L a m b d a

CDM model. We also investigate whether the model with scaling fluid is actually preferred by data over

L a m b d a

CDM model. As a result we find from the Akaike model selection criterion prefers the model with noninteracting scaling fluid.

Review text

It is well known how dimension analysis (existence of scaling symmetries) restricts possible form of laws of physics. Application of this idea in general relativity requires extension of the class of scalings in correspondence with coordinate transformations allowed. In the introductory (mathematical) part of this work the authors attempt to shape universe's equation of state from the assumption that cosmological Friedmann equations have at least one symmetry of quasi-similarity type (a slight generalization of scaling symmetry), and combining the result with constraints coming from the energy-momentum conservation \(T^{ab}_{;b} = 0\). In the rest of this essentially physics paper, the authors decide which model is preferred by observational data. Considering the fact that arbitrary choices were made (formula (28)), the reviewer has difficulties to see in which sense ``symmetries give rise to the equation of state and energy density, as written in the abstract. Moreover, the result of symmetry analysis is incomplete. The space of solutions of eq. (21) is actually four-dimensional, given by \(\xi(t) = B_1 t + B_0\), \(\eta^1(a) = A_1 a + A_2 a \ln a\), \(\eta^2(E) = (A_2 - B_1) E\), with \(A_1,A_2,B_1,B_0\) being arbitrary constants.

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