The logic of quantum mechanics
\glqq Experimentelle Aussagen\grqq{} über den Zustand eines quantenmechanischen Systems haben die Form: \(n\) gegebene gleichzeitig meßbare Größen haben Werte, die mit Sicherheit einer gegebenen Menge \(S\) von Wertsystemen angehören. Im Hilbertschen Raum der Zustandsfunktionen \(\psi\) entspricht jeder experimentellen Aussage ein abgeschlossener linearer Unterraum. Die Aussage \(a\) trifft zu, wenn \(\psi\) dem Unterraum angehört; die entgegengesetzte Aussage \(a'\) (``non \(a\)) trifft zu, wenn \(\psi\) dem orthogonalen Komplement des Unterraums angehört. Es wird postuliert, daß dem Durchschnitt zweier Unterräume, die zu experimentellen Aussagen \(a\) und \(b\) gehören, auch eine experimentelle Aussage entspricht. Die Relation \(a\subset b\) (\glqq aus \(a\) folgt \(b\)\grqq{}) besteht dann, wenn der zu \(a\) gehörige Unterraum in dem zu \(b\) gehörigen enthalten ist. Die \glqq quantenmechanische Logik\grqq{} ist nun die Axiomatik der Relationen \(a\subset b\) und \(a'\). Die Axiome sind den folgenden gleichwertig: A 1. Aus \(a\subset b\) und \(b\subset c\) folgt \(a\subset c\). A 2. Aus \(a\subset b\) folgt \(b'\subset a'\). A 3. \(a\subset (a')'\) und \((a')'\subset a\). A 4. Es gibt zu \(x\) und \(y\) eine Aussage \(x \cap y\), so daß \((x \cap y)\subset x\), \((x \cap y)\subset y\) und aus \(z\subset x\) und \(z\subset y\) folgt \(z\subset (x\cap y)\). A 5. \(a\cap a'\subset x\). Oder: Aus \(a\subset a'\) folgt \(a\subset x\). Def.: \(a = b\) bedeutet \(a\subset b\) und \(b\subset c\). Aus A 5 folgt: Es gibt eine Aussage \(o\), so daß \(o\subset x\) für alle \(x\). Aus A 1 und A 3 folgt: \(a\subset a\). Die Aussage \(o'\) hat die Eigenschaft \(x\subset o'\) für alle \(x\). Es gibt zu \(x\) und \(y\) eine Aussage \(x\cup y = (x'\cap y')'\), so daß \(x\subset (x\cup y)\), \(y\subset (x\cup y)\) und aus \(x\subset z\) und \(y\subset z\) folgt \(x\cup y\subset z\). Demzufolge bilden die Aussagen einen Verband (a lattice; vgl. \textit{Fritz Klein} [Math. Ann. 106, 114--130 (1932; Zbl 0003.29102); Math. Z. 39, 227--239 (1934; Zbl 0009.38701); Math. Ann. 111, 596--621 (1935; Zbl 0012.14502)], \textit{G. Birkhoff} [Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 29, 441--464 (1933; Zbl 0007.39502); ibid. 30, 115--122 (1934; Zbl 0009.05501) und Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 40, 613--619 (1934; Zbl 0009.39402)], \textit{Ø. Ore} [Ann. Math. (2) 36, 406--437 (1935; Zbl 0012.00501)]). In der klassischen Physik und in der Booleschen Logik gilt das distributive Gesetz: L 6. \(a \cup (b \cap c) = (a\cup b) \cap (a\cup c)\). In der Quantentheorie gilt L 6 nicht. Man kann aber aus der Dedekindschen Modultheorie das schwächere A 6. Aus \(a\subset c\) folgt \(a \cup (b \cap c) = (a \cup b) \cap c\) übernehmen. Im Hilbertschen Raum gilt A 6 allerdings nur dann, wenn die Modulsumme von zwei Teilräumen, denen Aussagen entsprechen, stets abgeschlossen ist. In einem endlichdimensionalen projektiven Raum gilt A 6 immer, ebenso in einer kontinuierlichdimensionalen projektiven Geometrie [J. von Neumann [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 22, 92--100 (1936; Zbl 0014.22307); 22, 101--108 (1936; Zbl 0014.22308)]. A 6 folgt auch aus der Annahme einer numerischen Funktion \(d(a)\) mit D 1. Aus \(a\subset b\) und \(a \ne b\) folgt \(d(a) < d(b)\). D 2. \(d(a) + d(b) = d(a \cap b) + d(a \cup b)\). Führt man eine Endlichkeitsbedingung für Ketten und eine Irreduzibilitätsbedingung ein, so folgt aus A 1 bis A 6, daß der Verband isomorph einer projektiven Geometrie über einen Schiefkörper ist, welcher einen inversen Isomorphismus \(W\) mit \(W^2 = 1\) und eine definite Hermitesche Form \[ F = \sum_1^{n+1} x_\nu^W \gamma_\nu x_\nu \] gestattet.
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