Weyl-Titchmarsh theory for Sturm-Liouville operators with distributional potentials

DOI10.7494/OPMATH.2013.33.3.467MaRDI QIDQ2851292zbMATHWikidataFDO

Authors Jonathan Eckhardt, Gerald Teschl, Fritz Gesztesy, Roger Nichols

Publication date 10 October 2013

Published in Opuscula Mathematica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.4677

zbMATH Keywords

distributional coefficientspositivity preservingSturm-Liouville operatorsWeyl-Titchmarsh theoryFriedrichs extensionsKrein extensionsimproving semigroups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Green's functions for ordinary differential equations (34B27) General spectral theory of ordinary differential operators (34L05) Particular ordinary differential operators (Dirac, one-dimensional Schrödinger, etc.) (34L40) Weyl theory and its generalizations for ordinary differential equations (34B20) Sturm-Liouville theory (34B24) General theory of ordinary differential operators (47E05) Eigenfunctions, eigenfunction expansions, completeness of eigenfunctions of ordinary differential operators (34L10)

Abstract: We systematically develop Weyl-Titchmarsh theory for singular differential operators on arbitrary intervals $(a,b)subseteqmathbbR$ associated with rather general differential expressions of the type [ au f = frac{1}{r} (- �ig(p[f' + s f]�ig)' + s p[f' + s f] + qf),] where the coefficients $p$, $q$, $r$, $s$ are real-valued and Lebesgue measurable on $(a,b)$, with $peq0$, $r>0$ a.e. on $(a,b)$, and $p^{-1}$, $q$, $r$, $sin{L}_{extloc}^1((a,b);dx)$, and $f$ is supposed to satisfy [f in AC_{ ext{loc}}((a,b)), ; p[f' + s f] in AC_{ ext{loc}}((a,b)).] In particular, this setup implies that $au$ permits a distributional potential coefficient, including potentials in $H_{extloc}^{-1}((a,b))$. We study maximal and minimal Sturm-Liouville operators, all self-adjoint restrictions of the maximal operator $T_{extmax}$, or equivalently, all self-adjoint extensions of the minimal operator $T_{extmin}$, all self-adjoint boundary conditions (separated and coupled ones), and describe the resolvent of any self-adjoint extension of $T_{extmin}$. In addition, we characterize the principal object of this paper, the singular Weyl-Titchmarsh-Kodaira $m$-function corresponding to any self-adjoint extension with separated boundary conditions and derive the corresponding spectral transformation, including a characterization of spectral multiplicities and minimal supports of standard subsets of the spectrum. We also deal with principal solutions and characterize the Friedrichs extension of $T_{extmin}$. Finally, in the special case where $au$ is regular, we characterize the Krein-von Neumann extension of $T_{extmin}$ and also characterize all boundary conditions that lead to positivity preserving, equivalently, improving, resolvents (and hence semigroups).

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