Johann Faulhaber and Sums of Powers

DOI10.2307/2152953zbMATH Open0797.11026arXivmath/9207222OpenAlexW4249815672WikidataQ56039768 ScholiaQ56039768MaRDI QIDQ3137467FDOQ3137467

Authors: Donald E. Knuth 

Publication date: 20 October 1994

Abstract: Early 17th-century mathematical publications of Johann Faulhaber contain some remarkable theorems, such as the fact that the $r$-fold summation of $1^m,2^m,\mathrm{...},n^m$ is a polynomial in $n(n+r)$ when $m$ is a positive odd number. The present paper explores a computation-based approach by which Faulhaber may well have discovered such results, and solves a 360-year-old riddle that Faulhaber presented to his readers. It also shows that similar results hold when we express the sums in terms of central factorial powers instead of ordinary powers. Faulhaber's coefficients can moreover be generalized to factorial powers of noninteger exponents, obtaining asymptotic series for $1^{alpha}+2^{alpha}+\mathrm{...}+n^{alpha}$ in powers of $n^{-1}(n+1{)}^{-1}$.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9207222

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zbMATH Keywords

Johann Faulhaber\(r\)-fold summationcentral factorial powers

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

History of mathematics in the 17th century (01A45) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Recurrences (11B37) Asymptotic representations in the complex plane (30E15)

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• Title not available (Why is that?)
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Cited In (68)

• On (self-)reciprocal Appell polynomials: symmetry and Faulhaber-type polynomials
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• The Frobenius problem, sums of powers of integers, and recurrences for the Bernoulli numbers
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• On the Arithmetic Mean of the Square Roots of the First n Positive Integers
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• Two-scale difference equations with a parameter and power sums related to digital sequences
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• Computational aspects of ordered integer partitions with bounds
• A refinement of Faulhaber's theorem concerning sums of powers of natural numbers
• A reformulation technique to solve polynomial optimization problems with separable objective functions of bounded integer variables
• Power sums of binomial coefficients
• Shuffles of trees
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• Computational and implementational analysis of generating functions for higher order combinatorial numbers and polynomials attached to Dirichlet characters
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• Harmonic sums and polylogarithms at non-positive multi-indices
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• Faulhaber and Bernoulli polynomials and solitons
• Power-sum denominators
• Fast algorithms of bath calculations in simulations of quantum system-bath dynamics
• Euler polynomials, Bernoulli polynomials, and Lévy's stochastic area formula
• Some notes on the \((q, t)\)-Stirling numbers
• Generalization of the power sum arising in the theory of integrable hierarchies
• On the sum of \(k\)-th powers in terms of earlier sums
• The origin of the Bernoulli numbers: mathematics in Basel and Edo in the early eighteenth century
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• The Strong Maximal Rank conjecture and higher rank Brill–Noether theory
• Nonparametric estimation of the multivariate Spearman's footrule: a further discussion
• C-polynomials and LC-functions: towards a generalization of the Hurwitz zeta function
• Penalization of Galton-Watson trees with marked vertices
• Statistical static timing analysis via modern optimization lens. I: Histogram-based approach
• Formulas involving sums of powers, special numbers and polynomials arising from \(p\)-adic integrals, trigonometric and generating functions
• Faulhaber's Formula, Odd Bernoulli Numbers, and the Method of Partial Sums
• A note on polynomial expressions for sums of power of integers multiplied by exponential terms
• Analysis of (shifted) piecewise quadratic polynomial collocation for nonlocal diffusion model
• On sums of powers of integers

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