FROM CROWD DYNAMICS TO CROWD SAFETY: A VIDEO-BASED ANALYSIS

DOI10.1142/S0219525908001854zbMATH Open1152.91750arXiv0810.4590MaRDI QIDQ3536023FDOQ3536023

Authors:

Publication date: 17 November 2008

Published in: Advances in Complex Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: The study of crowd dynamics is interesting because of the various self-organization phenomena resulting from the interactions of many pedestrians, which may improve or obstruct their flow. Besides formation of lanes of uniform walking direction and oscillations at bottlenecks at moderate densities, it was recently discovered that stop-and-go waves [D. Helbing et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168001 (2006)] and a phenomenon called "crowd turbulence" can occur at high pedestrian densities [D. Helbing et al., Phys. Rev. E 75, 046109 (2007)]. Although the behavior of pedestrian crowds under extreme conditions is decisive for the safety of crowds during the access to or egress from mass events as well as for situations of emergency evacuation, there is still a lack of empirical studies of extreme crowding. Therefore, this paper discusses how one may study high-density conditions based on suitable video data. This is illustrated at the example of pilgrim flows entering the previous Jamarat Bridge in Mina, 5 kilometers from the Holy Mosque in Makkah, Saudi-Arabia. Our results reveal previously unexpected pattern formation phenomena and show that the average individual speed does not go to zero even at local densities of 10 persons per square meter. Since the maximum density and flow are different from measurements in other countries, this has implications for the capacity assessment and dimensioning of facilities for mass events. When conditions become congested, the flow drops significantly, which can cause stop-and-go waves and a further increase of the density until critical crowd conditions are reached. Then, "crowd turbulence" sets in, which may trigger crowd disasters.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.4590

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Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Models of societies, social and urban evolution (91D10)

Cites Work

• Pedestrian flows and non-classical shocks
• Brownian agents and active particles. Collective dynamics in the natural and social sciences. With a foreword by J. Doyne Farmer.
• Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton

Cited In (28)

• Human mobility: models and applications
• Macroscopic modeling of pedestrian flow based on a second-order predictive dynamic model
• A comparative study of several approaches to short-term frequency analysis of a speech signal
• The Lagrangian coordinate system and what it means for two-dimensional crowd flow models
• Empirical study of a unidirectional dense crowd during a real mass event
• Abnormal prediction of dense crowd videos by a purpose-driven lattice Boltzmann model
• Modeling crowd dynamics through coarse-grained data analysis
• Research on crowd dynamic risk management based on the psychological stress perception function
• Saving human lives: what complexity science and information systems can contribute
• A cellular automaton model for crowd evacuation and its auto-defined obstacle avoidance attribute
• Mobile safety cameras: estimating casualty reductions and the demand for secondary healthcare
• Cellular automaton model of crowd evacuation inspired by slime mould
• Quantitative comparison between crowd models for evacuation planning and evaluation
• Minimisation of the risk of trampling in a crowd
• Some theoretical reasonings on the use and abuse of empirical data for vehicular traffic modelling
• Dynamic analysis of single-file pedestrian movement with maintaining social distancing in times of pandemic
• Turbulence and shock-waves in crowd dynamics
• New insights into turbulent pedestrian movement pattern in crowd-quakes
• Study on the collision dynamics and the transmission pattern between pedestrians along the queue
• Experimental study on the movement characteristics of pedestrians under sudden contact forces
• Towards a mathematical model for stability in pedestrian flows
• The ambigous role of social influence on the wisdom of crowds: an analytic approach
• Macroscopic fundamental flow diagrams of a spiritually motivated crowd
• An all-densities pedestrian simulator based on a dynamic evaluation of the interpersonal distances
• T<scp>HE</scp> F<scp>LOW OF</scp> H<scp>UMAN</scp> C<scp>ROWDS</scp>
• Crowd behavior dynamics: entropic path-integral model
• Modelling and simulating serpentine group behaviour in crowds using modified social force model
• Quantitative comparison of estimations for the density within Pedestrian streams

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