Defining and estimating intervention effects for groups that will develop an auxiliary outcome

DOI10.1214/088342306000000655zbMATH Open1246.62210arXivmath/0609457OpenAlexW3102983157MaRDI QIDQ449753FDOQ449753

Authors: Marshall M. Joffe, Chi-Yuan Hsu, Dylan S. Small 

Publication date: 1 September 2012

Published in: Statistical Science (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: It has recently become popular to define treatment effects for subsets of the target population characterized by variables not observable at the time a treatment decision is made. Characterizing and estimating such treatment effects is tricky; the most popular but naive approach inappropriately adjusts for variables affected by treatment and so is biased. We consider several appropriate ways to formalize the effects: principal stratification, stratification on a single potential auxiliary variable, stratification on an observed auxiliary variable and stratification on expected levels of auxiliary variables. We then outline identifying assumptions for each type of estimand. We evaluate the utility of these estimands and estimation procedures for decision making and understanding causal processes, contrasting them with the concepts of direct and indirect effects. We motivate our development with examples from nephrology and cancer screening, and use simulated data and real data on cancer screening to illustrate the estimation methods.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0609457

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zbMATH Keywords

interactionsbiascausalityprincipal stratificationeffect modificationdirect effects

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Applications of statistics to biology and medical sciences; meta analysis (62P10) Medical applications (general) (92C50)

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Cited In (19)

• Structural nested models and G-estimation: the partially realized promise
• Longitudinal data with follow-up truncated by death: match the analysis method to research aims
• Causal Mediation Analyses with Rank Preserving Models
• Latent class dynamic mediation model with application to smoking cessation data
• Identification, inference and sensitivity analysis for causal mediation effects
• Nonparametric estimation of mediation effects with a general treatment
• Efficient, doubly robust estimation of the effect of dose switching for switchers in a randomized clinical trial
• Structural nested mean models for assessing time-varying effect moderation
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• Related Causal Frameworks for Surrogate Outcomes
• Semiparametric estimation of the average causal effect of treatment on an outcome measured after a postrandomization event, with missing outcome data
• The potential for bias in principal causal effect estimation when treatment received depends on a key covariate
• Using information on realized effects to determine prospective causal effects

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