A spinning construction for virtual 1-knots and 2-knots, and the fiberwise and welded equivalence of virtual 1-knots

DOI10.1142/S0218216521400034MaRDI QIDQ5028909zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Louis Kauffman, Eiji Ogasa, Jonathan Schneider

Publication date 11 February 2022

Published in Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.03023

zbMATH Keywords

spun knotvirtual knotwelded knot

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Generalized knots (virtual knots, welded knots, quandles, etc.) (57K12) Higher-dimensional knots and links (57K45)

Abstract: We succeed to generalize spun knots of classical 1-knots to the virtual 1-knot case by using the `spinning construction'. That, is, we prove the following: Let $Q$ be a spun knot of a virtual 1-knot $K$ by our method. The embedding type $Q$ in $S^4$ depends only on $K$. Furthermore we prove the following: The submanifolds, $Q$ and the embedded torus made from $K,$ defined by Satoh's method, in $S^4$ are isotopic. We succeed to generalize the above construction to the virtual 2-knot case. Note that Satoh's method says nothing about the virtual 2-knot case. Rourke's interpretation of Satoh's method is that one puts `fiber-circles' on each point of each virtual 1-knot diagram. If there is no virtual branch point in a virtual 2-knot diagram, our way gives such fiber-circles to each point of the virtual 2-knot diagram. We prove the following: If a virtual 2-knot diagram $alpha$ has a virtual branch point, $alpha$ cannot be covered by such fiber-circles. We obtain a new equivalence relation, the $mathcalE$-equivalence relation of the set of virtual 2-knot diagrams, by using our spinning construction. We prove that there are virtual 2-knot diagrams that are virtually nonequivalent but are $mathcalE$-equivalent. Although Rourke claimed that two virtual 1-knot diagrams $alpha$ and $$ are fiberwise equivalent if and only if $alpha$ and $$ are welded equivalent, we state that this claim is wrong. We prove that two virtual 1-knot diagrams $alpha$ and $$ are fiberwise equivalent if and only if $alpha$ and $$ are rotational welded equivalent.

Recommendations

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Cited in

(7)

• Knot spinning
• THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPUN TORUS KNOTS
• A chord graph constructed from a ribbon surface-link
• Faithful equivalence of equivalent ribbon surface-links
• Virtual concordance and the generalized Alexander polynomial
• Some generalizations of Satoh's Tube map
• Multi-virtual knot theory

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