-adic images of Galois for elliptic curves over Q(and an appendix with John Voight)

DOI10.1017/FMS.2022.38MaRDI QIDQ5101299zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jeremy Rouse, Andrew V. Sutherland, David Zureick-Brown

Publication date 30 August 2022

Published in Forum of Mathematics, Sigma (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.11141

zbMATH Keywords

elliptic curvesGalois representationsopen image theoremtorsion points

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Galois representations (11F80) Elliptic curves over global fields (11G05) Arithmetic aspects of modular and Shimura varieties (11G18) Modular and Shimura varieties (14G35) Elliptic curves (14H52)

Abstract: We discuss the $ell$-adic case of Mazur's "Program B" over $mathbbQ$, the problem of classifying the possible images of $ell$-adic Galois representations attached to elliptic curves $E$ over $mathbbQ$, equivalently, classifying the rational points on the corresponding modular curves. The primes $ell=2$ and $ellge13$ are addressed by prior work, so we focus on the remaining primes $ell=3,5,7,11$. For each of these $ell$, we compute the directed graph of arithmetically maximal $ell$-power level modular curves $X_H$, compute explicit equations for all but three of them, and classify the rational points on all of them except $X_{mns}^{+}(N)$, for $N=27,25,49,121$, and two level $49$ curves of genus $9$ whose Jacobians have analytic rank $9$. Aside from the $ell$-adic images that are known to arise for infinitely many $$-isomorphism classes of elliptic curves $E/mathbbQ$, we find only 22 exceptional images that arise for any prime $ell$ and any $E/mathbbQ$ without complex multiplication; these exceptional images are realized by 20 non-CM rational $j$-invariants. We conjecture that this list of 22 exceptional images is complete and show that any counterexamples must arise from unexpected rational points on $X_{mns}^{+}(ell)$ with $ellge19$, or one of the six modular curves noted above. This yields a very efficient algorithm to compute the $ell$-adic images of Galois for any elliptic curve over $mathbbQ$. In an appendix with John Voight we generalize Ribet's observation that simple abelian varieties attached to newforms on $Gamm{a}_1(N)$ are of ${mGL}_2$-type; this extends Kolyvagin's theorem that analytic rank zero implies algebraic rank zero to isogeny factors of the Jacobian of $X_H$.

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• Magma
• QCI

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