Gauss–Bonnet–Chern approach to the averaged Universe
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Publication:5162402
DOI10.1088/1361-6382/ABAE45zbMATH Open1479.83240OpenAlexW3007947526MaRDI QIDQ5162402FDOQ5162402
Authors: Léo Brunswic, Thomas Buchert 
Publication date: 2 November 2021
Published in: Classical and Quantum Gravity (Search for Journal in Brave)
Abstract: The standard model of cosmology with postulated dark energy and dark matter sources may be considered as a fairly successful fitting model to observational data. However, this model leaves the question of the physical origin of these dark components open. Fully relativistic contributions that act like dark energy on large scales and like dark matter on smaller scales can be found through generalization of the standard model by spatially averaging the inhomogeneous Universe within general relativity. The spatially averaged 3+1 Einstein equations are effective balance equations that need a closure condition. Heading for closure we here explore topological constraints. Results are straightforwardly obtained for averaged 2+1 model universes. For the relevant 3+1 case, we employ a method based on the Gauss-Bonnet-Chern theorem generalized to Lorentzian spacetimes and implement a sandwich approach to obtain spatial average properties. The 3+1 topological approach supplies us with a new equation linking evolution of scalar invariants of the expansion tensor to the norm of the Weyl tensor. From this we derive general evolution equations for averaged scalar curvature and kinematical backreaction, and we discuss related evolution equations on this level of the hierarchy of averaged equations. We also discuss the relation between topological properties of cosmological manifolds and dynamical topology change, e.g. as resulting from the formation of black holes.
Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08336
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Eta-invariants, Chern-Simons invariants (58J28) Black holes (83C57) Relativistic cosmology (83F05) Flows related to mean curvature (53E10) Dark matter and dark energy (83C56)
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