Module braces: relations between the additive and the multiplicative groups

, reinterpreting it in terms of the so-called gamma function associated to the brace, and prove that this class of braces enjoys all the natural properties one can require. We exhibit explicit example of R-braces, and we study the splitting of a module braces in relation to the splitting of the ring

R

, generalising thereby Byott's result on the splitting of a brace with nilpotent multiplicative group as a sum of its Sylow subgroups. The core of the paper is in the last two sections, in which, using methods from commutative algebra and number theory, we study the relations between the additive and the multiplicative groups of an

R

-brace showing that if a certain decomposition of the additive group is emph{small} (in some sense which depends on

R

), then the additive and the multiplicative groups have the same number of element of each order. In some cases, this result considerably broadens the range of applications of the results already known on this issue.

Review text

A \textit{(left) brace} is a set \(N = (N,+,\circ)\) equipped two group operations \(+\) and \(\circ\) such that \((N,+)\) is abelian and the relation \[ x \circ (y + z) = (x \circ y) -x + (x\circ z) \] holds for all \(x,y,z\in N\). This algebraic structure was introduced by [\textit{W. Rump}, J. Algebra 307, No. 1, 153--170 (2007; Zbl 1115.16022)] as a generalization of radical rings. It is well-known that \[ \gamma : (N,\circ) \rightarrow \mathrm{Aut}(N,+);\,\ \gamma_x (y) =-x + (x\circ y) \] yields a well-defined group homomorphism, and by setting \[ N_\gamma = \{ (x,\gamma_x) : x \in N\}, \] one obtains a one-to-one correspondence between the group operations \(\circ\) on \(N\) for which \((N,+,\circ)\) is a brace and the regular subgroups \(N_\gamma\) contained in the (abstract) holomorph \(\mathrm{Hol}(N,+)\) of the group \((N,+)\). In the paper under review, the author introduces the notion of a \textit{(left) \(R\)-module brace} over a ring \(R\), which is defined to be a brace \(N=(N,+,\circ)\) such that \((N,+)\) is equipped with the structure of a (left) \(R\)-module and the elements of \(\gamma(N)\) are \(R\)-module homomorphisms for the associated gamma function defined above. Note that module braces over \(\mathbb{Z}\) are simply braces, and module braces over a field \(\mathbb{F}\) have been previously considered in the literature; see [\textit{A. Smoktunowicz}, J. Algebra 594, 202--229 (2022; Zbl 1505.16066)], for example. The author shows that the class of \(R\)-module braces is very natural as it enjoys many of the basic properties that one can expect. In the case of finite braces \(N=(N,+,\circ)\), the following are known by [\textit{N. P. Byott}, J. Algebra 381, 131--139 (2013; Zbl 1345.12002)] and [\textit{S. C. Featherstonhaugh} et al., Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 364, No. 7, 3675--3684 (2012; Zbl 1287.12002)], respectively. \begin{itemize} \item If \((N,\circ)\) is nilpotent, then the Sylow subgroups of \((N,+)\) are ideals of \(N\), so the decomposition of \((N,+)\) as a sum of its Sylow subgroups is also a decomposition of \(N\) as a brace. \item If the order of \(N\) is a power of a prime \(p\) and the rank of \((N,+)\) is less than \(p-1\), then \((N,+)\) and \((N,\circ)\) have the same number of elements of each order. \end{itemize} The author is able to generalize the first result to \(R\)-module braces when \(R\) is a commutative unital ring (Proposition 3.7), and the second result to \(R\)-module braces when \(R\) is a PID in which \(p\) is prime (Theorem 4.1). The latter generalization has advantage over the previously known result because the \(R\)-rank of \((N,+)\) could be much smaller than the \(\mathbb{Z}\)-rank of \((N,+)\). Here \textit{rank} refers to the number of cyclic factors when the module is decomposed as a direct sum of indecomposable cyclic modules.

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