Tridendriform structures

DOI10.3842/SIGMA.2023.066MaRDI QIDQ6056583zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 30 October 2023

Published in SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.03839

dendriform Hopf algebras Schröder trees tridendriform

Associative rings determined by universal properties (free algebras, coproducts, adjunction of inverses, etc.) (16S10) Hopf algebras and their applications (16T05) Bialgebras (16T10) Graded rings and modules (associative rings and algebras) (16W50) Nonassociative algebras satisfying other identities (17A30)

Abstract: We first study tensor products of tridendriform algebras in order to introduce the notion of tridendriform bialgebra. We shall need for this a notion of augmented tridendriform algebras. Inspired by the work of J-L. Loday and M. Ronco, we build free tridendriform algebras over reduced trees and show that they have a coproduct satisfying some compatibilities with the tridendriform products. Such an object will be called a (3, 1)--dendriform algebra. Studying the free (3, 1)--dendriform bialgebra over one generator, we describe its products and coproduct in a combinatorial way. The products are described by branches shuffle and the coproduct by admissible cuts. We compare it with quasi-shuffle algebras over words. Its graded dual is the bialgebra TSym introduced by N. Bergeron and al which is described by the lightening splitting of a tree. As a consequence, this shows that TSym has a (1, 3)--dendriform bialgebra structure. This means that its coproduct can be split in three parts with convenient compatibilities. This can be extended to (3, 1)-bialgebras over an arbitrary number of generators. Finally, we introduce the notion of (3, 2)--dendriform bialgebra. This is a Hopf algebra, where we can split the product in three pieces and the coproduct in two with Hopf compatibilities. We give an example of such an algebra built on the free (3, 1)-dendriform bialgebra with one generator. We describe and generate its codendriform primitives and count its coassociative primitives thanks to L. Foissy's work. We end this paper by showing that a quotient of this (3, 2)-dendriform bialgebra is the Loday-Ronco bialgebra.

Review text

In a similar way as the construction of the free dendriform algebra with planar binary trees due to Loday and Ronco, a presentation of the free tridendriform algebra \(A\) on one generator is done, based on Schröder trees. Its product is described with the help of quasi-shuffles. Using its universal property and a tensor product of tridendriform algebras, \(A\) is made a bialgebra. It is shown that its graded dual is canonically isomorphic to the opposite of Hopf algebra of Schröder trees introduced by \textit{N. Bergeron} et al. [Adv. Appl. Math. 143, Article ID 102436, 62 p. (2023; Zbl 1510.16032)]. Splitting the coproduct of \(A\) into two parts leads to the notion of \((3,2)\)-bidendriform algebra. The primitive and dendriform primitive elements of \(A\) are studied, and in particular their formal Poincaré-Hilbert formal series are given.

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