The Eisenstein ideal for weight k and a Bloch-Kato conjecture for tame families

Abstract: We study the Eisenstein ideal for modular forms of even weight

k > 2

and prime level

N

. We pay special attention to the phenomenon of

m a t h i t e x t r a r e d u c i b i l i t y

: the Eisenstein ideal is strictly larger than the ideal cutting out reducible Galois representations. We prove a modularity theorem for these extra reducible representations. As consequences, we relate the derivative of a Mazur-Tate

L

-function to the rank of the Hecke algebra, generalizing a theorem of Merel, and give a new proof of a special case of an equivariant main conjecture of Kato. In the second half of the paper, we recall Kato's formulation of this main conjecture in the case of a family of motives given by twists by characters of conductor

N

and

p

-power order and its relation to other formulations of the equivariant main conjecture.

Review text

``\textit{B. Mazur} initiated the study of the Eisenstein ideal in the context of modular forms of weight \(2\) and prime level \(N\) as a powerful tool for studying the arithmetic of modular curves and \(L\)-functions [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 47, 33--186 (1977; Zbl 0394.14008)]. In this context, the Eisenstein ideal measures congruences modulo \(p\) between the Eisenstein series and a cusp form that occur because \(p\) divides an Euler factor in the \(L\)-function that is the constant term of the Eisenstein series. ``This paper grew out of an attempt to unify two approaches for answering a question of Mazur on the \(\mathbb Z_p\)-rank of the Eisenstein ideal [ibid., Section II.19, p. 140]. The first approach, starting with Merel [J. reine angew. Math. 477 (1996), 71-115] and more recently Lecouturier [Invent. math. 223 (2021), 485-595], is analytic, and relates the rank to the order of vanishing of an \(L\)-function. The second approach, starting with \textit{F. Calegari} and \textit{M. Emerton} [Invent. Math. 160, No. 1, 97--144 (2005; Zbl 1145.11314)] and more recently the author with \textit{C. Wang-Erickson} [Duke Math. J. 169, No. 1, 31--115 (2020; Zbl 1445.11045)], relates the rank to class groups or Galois cohomology of characters. ``We study the Eisenstein ideal for modular forms of even weight \( k >2\) and prime level \(N\). We pay special attention to the phenomenon of \textit{extra reducibility}: the Eisenstein ideal is strictly larger than the ideal cutting out reducible Galois representations. We prove a modularity theorem for these extra reducible representations. As consequences, we relate the derivative of a Mazur-Tate \(L\)-function to the rank of the Hecke algebra, generalizing a theorem of Merel, and give a new proof of a special case of an equivariant main conjecture of Kato. In the second half of the paper, we recall Kato's formulation of this main conjecture in the case of a family of motives given by twists by characters of conductor \(N\) and \(p\)-power order and its relation to other formulations of the equivariant main conjecture.

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