On the 16th Hilbert problem for limit cycles on nonsingular algebraic curves
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14)
Consider the planar polynomial system \[ {dx\over dt}= P(x,y),\quad {dy\over dt}= Q(x,y)\tag{\(*\)} \] of degree \(n\). Suppose that \((*)\) exactly \(k\) invariant algebraic curves \(g_m(x,y)= 0\), \(1\leq m\leq k\). Denote by \(A(k,n)\) the maximum number of algebraic limit cycles of \((*)\). The authors prove the following results. If the invariant algebraic curves \(g_m(x,y)= 0\), \(m= 1,\dotsc, k\), of \((*)\) are nonsingular and irreducible, then \[ A(k,n)\leq k\Biggl({n(n-1)\over 2}+ 1\Biggr)\leq {n^4\over 4}+ {3n^2\over 4}+ 1. \] If the curves \(g_m(x,y)= 0\), \(m= 1,\dotsc, k\), are irreducible and \(\sum^k_{m=1} \deg g_m\leq n+1\), then \[ A(k,n)\leq \begin{cases} {n(n-1)\over 2}+ 1\quad &\text{if }n\text{ is even},\\ {n(n-1)\over 2}\quad &\text{if }n\text{ is odd}.\end{cases} \] Additionally, sufficient conditions are provided that all algebraic limit cycles are hyperbolic.
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