Out(F_n)-invariant probability measures on the space of n-generated marked groups
Let \(G\) be an acylindrically hyperbolic group. Let \(K(G)\) denote the maximal normal finite subgroup of \(G\). Theorem 3.4 states that for every infinite normal subgroup \(M\) of \(G\) containing \(K(G)\), there is a continuous, injective, \(G\)-equivariant map \(2^{G/M}\to \mathcal N(M)\). Here \(2^{G/M}\) is endowed with the product topology and \(\mathcal N(M)\) is the subspace of \(2^M\) of normal subgroups of \(M\), with respect to the induced topology. If \(F_n\) is a free group on \(n\)-generators, then \(\mathcal N(F_n)\) is known as the space of \(n\)-marked groups. The proof of Theorem 3.4 uses the algebraic description of the kernel of group theoretic Dehn fillings in acylindrically hyperbolic groups, as studied in [\textit{B. Sun}, J. Algebra 542, 277--307 (2020; Zbl 1456.20053); \textit{I. Chifan} et al., Ann. Math. (2) 198, No. 3, 1261--1303 (2023; Zbl 08148930)].\N\NLet \(n\geqslant 2\). The theorem is applied to \(\Aut(F_n)\), the group of automorphisms of the free group on \(n\)-generators. This group is acylindrically hyperbolic by \textit{A. Genevois} and \textit{C. Horbez} [J. Topol. 14, No. 3, 963--991 (2021; Zbl 1547.20153)]. Taking \(M=F_n\), this yields a continuous, injective, \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\)-equivariant map \(2^{\operatorname{Out}(F_n)}\to \mathcal\mathcal N(F_n)\) (Theorem 1.4). One can now push-forward (or pull back, respectively) \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\)-invariant probability measures on \(2^{\operatorname{Out}(F_n)}\) to \(\mathcal N(F_n)\). By results from the study of Bernoulli shifts of a group \(G\) on \(2^G\) [\textit{A. S. Kechris} and \textit{T. Tsankov}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 136, No. 2, 687--697 (2008; Zbl 1155.28010)], there are continuum many pairwise distinct non-atomic \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\)-invariant and mixing probability measures on \(2^{\operatorname{Out}(F_n)}\). The push-forward yields continuum many pairwise distinct such measures on the space of \(n\)-marked groups \(\mathcal N(F_n)\) (Corollary 1.5). This answers a question of Grigorchuk. The point of Corollary 1.5 is that it yields ergodic probability measures. Indeed, as pointed out in Remark 1.2, the existence of non-atomic \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\)-invariant probability measures follows from [\textit{A. Yu. Ol'shanskiĭ}, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 34, 376--384 (1970; Zbl 0215.10504)]. These measures are not ergodic.\N\NOn the other hand, a countable group is amenable iff every subsystem of the Bernoulli shift admits an invariant probability measure [\textit{J. Frisch} et al., ``Realizations of countable Borel equivalence relations, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2109.12486}]. By non-amenability of \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\), it follows that not every subsystem of the dynamical system \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\) acting on \(\mathcal N(F_n)\) admits an \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\)-invariant probability measure (Corollary 1.6).\N\NUsing a connection of ergodic probability measures with model theory (Proposition 4.1), the author finally proves that there is no \(\operatorname{Out}(F_n)\)-invariant ergodic probability measure on the space of \(n\)-marked groups whose support contains the space of \(n\)-marked non-elementary hyperbolic groups (Corollary 4.3). It remains open whether Corollary 4.3 holds for the space of \(n\)-marked torsion-free non-elementary hyperbolic groups (Question 4.5).
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