Hopf-Rinow theorem in the Sato Grassmannian

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2008.07.027MaRDI QIDQ952499zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Esteban Andruchow, Gabriel Larotonda

Publication date 12 November 2008

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2525

geodesics infinite projections Sato Grassmannian

Infinite-dimensional Lie groups and their Lie algebras: general properties (22E65) Group structures and generalizations on infinite-dimensional manifolds (58B25)

Abstract: Let

U_{2} (c a l H)

be the Banach-Lie group of unitary operators in the Hilbert space

c a l H

which are Hilbert-Schmidt perturbations of the identity 1. In this paper we study the geometry of the unitary orbit

{upu^*: uin U_2({cal H})},

of an infinite projection

p

in

c a l H

. This orbit coincides with the connected component of

p

in the Hilbert-Schmidt restricted Grassmannian

G r_{r e s} (p)

(also known in the literature as the Sato Grassmannian) corresponding to the polarization

c a l H = p (c a l H) o p l u s p (c a l H)^{p} e r p

. It is known that the components of

G r_{r e s} (p)

are differentiable manifolds. Here we give a simple proof of the fact that

G r_{r e s}^{0} (p)

is a smooth submanifold of the affine Hilbert space

p + {c a l B}_{2} (c a l H)

, where

{c a l B}_{2} (c a l H)

denotes the space of Hilbert-Schmidt operators of

c a l H

. We prove that the geodesics of the natural connection, which are of the form

g a m m a (t) = e^{t z} p e^{- t z}

, for

z

a

p

-codiagonal anti-hermitic element of

{c a l B}_{2} (c a l H)

, have minimal length provided that

| z | l e p i / 2

. Note that the condition is given in terms of the usual operator norm, a fact which implies that there exist minimal geodesics of arbitrary length. Also we show that any two points

p_{1}, p_{2} i n G r_{r e s}^{0} (p)

are joined by a minimal geodesic. If moreover

| p_{1} - p_{2} | < 1

, the minimal geodesic is unique. Finally, we replace the 2-norm by the

k

-Schatten norm (

k > 2

), and prove that the geodesics are also minimal for these norms, up to a critical value of

t

, which is estimated also in terms of the usual operator norm. In the process, minimality results in the

k

-norms are also obtained for the group

U_{2} (c a l H)

.

Review text

The authors consider the connected component of an infinite projection \(p\) in \(\mathcal{H}\) in the Hilbert-Schmidt restricted Grassmannian, denoted \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\), corresponding to the polarization \(\mathcal{H}=p(\mathcal{H})\oplus p(\mathcal{H})^\perp\). The restricted Grassmannian, also known in the literature as the Sato Grassmannian, is related to several areas of mathematics and physics, such as loop theory, integrable systems, group representation theory, string theory. The main purpose in this article is the study of the geometric features of \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\). The most interesting result establishes the validity of the Hopf-Rinow theorem for \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\): any pair of points in \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\) can be joined by minimal geodesics. Also, there are minimal geodesics which have arbitrary length. These results are easily extended to the other components of the restricted Grassmannian. In order to prove the main result, the authors first need to show that \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\) is a differentiable manifold. This is known, although they give a simple proof that \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\) is a smooth submanifold of an affine Hilbert space. Moreover, \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\) is a homogeneous reductive space. Secondly, they introduce a natural metric, endowed by the trace inner product in every tangent space, and finally consider its Levi-Civita connection. This connection was considered before [\textit{Ö. Pekonen}, Manuscr. Math. 63, No.~1, 21--27 (1989; Zbl 0682.58010)]. The authors prove that this connection coincides with a linear connection induced by the reductive structure, thus simplifying the computation of the geodesics curves. As a further result, they replace the 2-norm endowed by the trace inner product by the \(k\)-Schatten norm with \(k > 2\), and prove that the geodesics are also minimal for these norms, up to a critical value of \(t\), which is estimated also in terms of the usual operator norm. In both settings, \(k=2\) and \(k>2\), the minimality results are proved first in the classical Banach-Lie group \(U_2(\mathcal{H})\), and then derived for \(Gr_{res}^0 (p)\) via a natural immersion of projections as unitaries.

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