Qualitative stability and solvability of difference equations

The difference equation (1) \(x_{k+1}=Ax_ k+b\) \((k\geq 0)\) where \(A=(a_{ij})\) is a real \(n\times n\) matrix and \(x_ k\) and \(b\) are real \(n\)-dimensional vectors \((n\geq 2)\) is considered. To \(A\) the signed digraph \(SD(A)\) is assigned in the following way: The vertices of \(SD(A)\) are the numbers \(1,\dots,n\) and there is a directed edge from \(j\) to \(i\) iff \(a_{ij}\neq 0\), the sign of this edge being the same as the sign of \(a_{ij}\). Two matrices (or two vectors) of the same size are called sign equivalent if the corresponding entries (resp. components) have the same sign. It is shown how certain properties of \(A,b\) and \(SD(A)\) imply the existence of a strictly positive constant trajectory of (1) (or of every system obtained from (1) by replacing \(A\) by a sign equivalent matrix and \(b\) by a sign equivalent vector) and the asymptotic stability of the corresponding equilibrium.

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