Scattering systems with several evolutions and multidimensional input/state/output systems
Given a scattering system with \(d\)-evolution \(\sigma = ( \mathcal{K}; \mathcal{U})=(U_{1},\dots , U_{d}); \mathcal{F}, \mathcal{F_{*}} )\) (here \(\mathcal{K}\) is a Hilbert space, \(\mathcal{U}\) is a \(d\)-tuple of commuting unitary operators on \(\mathcal{K}\), and \(\mathcal{F},\mathcal{F_{*}}\subset \mathcal{K }\) are subspaces satisfying \(\mathcal{U}^{n}\mathcal{F}\bot\mathcal{F}\), \(\mathcal{U}^{n}\mathcal{F_{*}}\bot\mathcal{F}_{*}\) for all \(n:=(n_{1},\dots,n_{d})\in \mathbb{Z}^d\) with \(n\neq 0\)), let its scattering function be \(S(z)\) -- the multiplier corresponding to the operator \(S: L^{2}(\mathbb{T}^{d},\mathcal{F})\mapsto L^{2}(\mathbb{T}^{d},\mathcal{F}_{*}) \) given as \(S= \Phi _{*}\Phi^{*}\), with the Fourier representation operators \(\Phi\) and \(\Phi_{*}\) from \(\mathcal{K}\) to \( L^{2}(\mathbb{T}^{d},\mathcal{F})\) and \(L^{2}(\mathbb{T}^{d},\mathcal{F}_{*})\), respectively, defined by \(\Phi:k\mapsto \sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}^{d}}(P_{\mathcal{F}}\mathcal{U}^{n}k)z^{n}\), \(\Phi_{*}:k\mapsto \sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}^{d}}(P_{\mathcal{F}_{*}}\mathcal{U}^{n}k)z^{n}\). Then \(S(z)\) is in the \(d\)-variable Schur class \(\mathbf{S}_{d}(\mathcal{F},\mathcal{F}_{*})\). The authors present for an element \(S \in \mathbf{S}_{d}(\mathcal{F},\mathcal{F}_{*})\) \(d\)-dimensional versions of the Pavlov model as well as the de Branges-Rovnyak and Sz.-Nagy-Foias models. With a collection of the form \((U,\mathcal{H},\mathcal{E},\mathcal{E}_{*})\), where \(\mathcal{H}, \mathcal{E}\) and \(\mathcal{E}_{*}\) are Hilbert spaces and \(U\) is a block operator matrix of the form \(U= \left[\begin{matrix} A& B\\ \mathbb C & D \end{matrix}\right]: \left[\begin{matrix}\mathcal{H}\\\mathcal{E}&\end{matrix}\right] \rightarrow\left[\begin{matrix}\mathcal{H}\\ \mathcal{E}_{*}&\end{matrix}\right]\), under the assumption \(\mathcal{H}=\mathcal{H}_{1}\oplus\dots\oplus\mathcal{H}_{d}\) (\(d\)-dimensional unitary colligation), the authors in a canonical way associate the input/state/output (i/s/o) system \(\Sigma=\Sigma(U)\) with the transfer function \(T_{\Sigma}(z)=D+C(I-Z_{\text{diag}}(z)A)^{-1}Z_{\text{diag}}(z)B\) (here \(Z_{\text{diag}}(z)= z_{1}P_{1}\oplus\dots\oplus z_{d}P_{d}\), \(P_{i}\) -- the orthoprojector on \(\mathcal{H}_{i}\) \((i=1,\dots,d)\)). To \(\Sigma\), there naturally corresponds a \(d\)-evolution scattering system \(\sigma=\sigma(\Sigma(U))\) with its scattering function equal to \(T_{\Sigma}(z)\). The authors study conditions for arbitrary scattering systems \(\sigma\) to have a form \(\sigma=\sigma(\Sigma(U))\) with some i/s/o system \(\Sigma(U)\), and problems of a uniqueness of the correspondence \(\sigma\leftrightarrow \Sigma(U)\). In particular, for \(\sigma\) to have a form \(\sigma=\sigma(\Sigma(U))\) is equivalent to the existence of such subspaces \(\mathcal{L}_{1},\dots, \mathcal{L}_{d}\) of \(\mathcal{K}\) that \[ (\bigoplus_{k=1}^{d}\mathcal{L}_{k})\oplus\mathcal{F}= \mathcal{F}_{*}\oplus(\bigoplus_{k=1}^{d}\mathcal{U}_{k}\mathcal{L}_{k})\text{ and }\mathcal{K}= \bigoplus_{s(n)<0}\mathcal{U}^{n}\mathcal{F}_{*}\oplus(\bigoplus_{s(n)=0}\mathcal{U}^{n}(\mathcal{L}_{1}\oplus\cdots\oplus\mathcal{L}_{d}))\bigoplus_{s(n)\geq o}\mathcal{F} \] (here \(s(n):=n_{1}+\dots+n_{d}\) for \(n=(n_{1},\cdots,n_{d})\in\mathbb{Z}^{d}\)). The authors underline the difference in cases \(d=2\) and \(d>2\). It is proved that, for the \(d=2\) case, any matrix-valued rational inner function on the bidisk can be realized as the transfer function of a \(2\)-dimensional conservative, linear i/s/o system with finite-dimensional state space. A new proof of Ando's dilation theorem for a pair of commuting contraction operators is obtained as corollary.
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