Some applications of a new approach to factorization

DOI10.1007/978-3-031-75326-8_4MaRDI QIDQ6890369zbMATH OpenFDO

Publication date 3 December 2025

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75326-8_4

artinianity factorization full transformation semigroup idempotents irreducibles preorders

Ordered semigroups and monoids (06F05) Commutative rings defined by factorization properties (e.g., atomic, factorial, half-factorial) (13F15) Factorization of matrices (15A23) Idempotent elements (associative rings and algebras) (16U40) Arithmetic theory of semigroups (20M13) Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc. (20M20)

Review text

The paper surveys and further develops the preorder-based approach to factorization introduced in recent work of \textit{S. Tringali} [J. Algebra 602, 352--380 (2022; Zbl 1495.13004)] and further developed by the author and \textit{S. Tringali} [Isr. J. Math. 263, No. 1, 349--395 (2024; Zbl 07940922); J. Algebra 630, 128--161 (2023; Zbl 1537.20138); Ark. Mat. 62, No. 1, 21--38 (2024; Zbl 1544.20083); ``On factorization in power monoids, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2503.08615}].\N\NIn this framework, a premonoid is a monoid endowed with a preorder (the latter is not required to be compatible with the operation of the former) and one studies factorizations into elements that are irreducible relative to the preorder rather than to the ordinary divisibility relation (as in the classical theory of factorizations).\N\NIn Sec.~2, after recalling the basic notions of units, quarks and irreducibles relative to a preorder, the author reviews two general existence theorems for factorizations in Artinian and strongly Artinian premonoids (Theorems~1 and~2). Sec.~3 then discusses how these theorems have been used in the recent literature to recover, within a unified abstract setting, several classical decomposition theorems: atomicity results for unit-cancellative monoids satisfying the ACC on principal left and principal right ideals (Corollary~1), direct-sum decompositions of modules of finite uniform dimension (Corollary~3) and factorization results for reduced finitary power monoids (Proposition~2). The section also includes a novel application of Theorem~1 to a generalization of the Lasker-Noether theorem to weak ideal systems (Corollary~5).\N\NSec.~4 reviews certain applications of Theorem~2 to idempotent factorizations (that is, factorizations into idempotents) obtained earlier by the author and \textit{S. Tringali} [Isr. J. Math. 263, No. 1, 349--395 (2024; Zbl 07940922)]. In particular, for the full transformation monoid on a finite set \(X\), the author proves that the irreducibles in the submonoid of singular (that is, non-invertible) maps on \(X\) relative to the so-called \(\mathrm{r\text{-}Fix}\)-preorder (Definition~1) are precisely the quasi-identities, that is, the singular maps that fix all but one element of \(X\) (Proposition 4). Then she derives from the general theory a quantitative refinement of Howie's theorem (Theorem 3): every singular map \(\alpha\) is a composition of at most \(2(n-|\mathrm{fix}(\alpha)|)-1\) quasi-identities, where \(\mathrm{fix}(\alpha)\) denotes the set of fixed points of \(\alpha\). The same approach also yields the standard bound for writing a permutation as a product of transpositions (Theorem 4).\N\NFinally, in Sec.~4, the author explains how the Cartan-Dieudonné theorem arises as another specialization of the abstract factorization theorem in the setting of endomorphism rings of finite-rank free modules (Proposition 7 and Corollary 7). This application is new.\N\NThe article is partly expository, but its selection of examples clearly illustrates the flexibility of the preorder-based formalism, especially in non-cancellative and non-commutative contexts where the classical theory of factorizations does not apply.\N\NFor the entire collection see [Zbl 1566.16001].

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