Symmetric truncated Freud polynomials

DOI10.1016/J.CAM.2025.117080MaRDI QIDQ6894182zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Edmundo Huertas, Alberto Lastra, Francisco Marcellán, Víctor Soto-Larrosa

Publication date 25 November 2025

Published in Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CAM.2025.117080

electrostatic interpretation Freud linear functional ladder operators Laguerre-Freud equations Pearson equation Stieltjes function Toda-type equations

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35) Relations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with algebraic geometry, complex analysis, special functions (37J38) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Review text

The authors introduce the family of symmetric truncated Freud polynomials, \(P_n(x;z)\), orthogonal with respect to the linear functional \(u\) defined by\N\[\N\langle u,P(x) \rangle=\int_{-z}^z P(x)e^{-x^4}dx, \quad P\in \mathbb{P},\ z>0,\N\]\Nwhich satisfy the three-term recurrence relation\N\[\NxP_n(x;z)=P_{n+1}(x;z)+\gamma_n(z)P_{n-1}(x;z), \quad n\geq 0.\N\]\NIn this case, they obtain that the functional \(u\) satisfies some properties such as:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item The following Pearson equation is satisfied: \(D(\phi(x;z),u)+\psi(x;z)u=0\), with \(\phi(x;z)=x^2-z^2\) and \(\psi(x;z)=4x^3(x^2-z^2)-2x\). Therefore, \(u\) is a \(D\)-semiclassical of class four;\N\item The following recurrence relation for the moments \((u_n)_{n\geq0}\) is satisfied:\N\[\N4u_{2n+6}-4z^2u_{2n+4}-(2n+3)u_{2n+2}+(2n+1)z^2u_{2n}=0,\N\]\Nwith initial conditions \(u_0=\frac{{\gamma}(1/4,z^4)}{2}\), \(u_2=\frac{{\gamma}(3/4,z^4)}{2}\), \(u_4=\frac{u_0}{4}-\frac{ze^{z^4}}{2}\), where \({\gamma(a;z)}\) is the lower incomplete gamma function.\N\end{itemize}\NAssociated with the moments of the linear functional \(u\) the Stieltjes function is defined by \[S_u(t;z)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{u_{2n}}{t^{n+1}},\] which satisfies the following linear ordinary equation,\N\[\N\phi(t;z)S_u(t;z)+[\phi'(t;z)+\psi(t;z)]S_u(t;z)=u_0(4t^4-1)+4(u_2t^2+u_4),\N\]\Nwhere \(\phi,\psi\) are non-zero polynomials with \(\deg(\phi)\geq 0\) and \(\deg(\psi)\geq 1\). Also, by rescaling the variable \(z\) so that the support becomes the interval \([-1,1]\), the authors consider the family of polynomials \(p_n(x;z)\) orthonormal with respect to the rescaled weight \(e^{-z^4x^4}\) on \([-1,1]\). Fixing a branch of the complex square root \(\sqrt{\xi^2-1}\), for fixed \(z,\xi\in\mathbb{C}-[-1,1]\), they obtain that\N\[\N\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{p_n(\xi;z)}{U_n(\xi)}=\left(\frac{\sqrt{\xi^2-1}}{\xi+\sqrt{\xi^2-1}}\right)^{1/2} \mathrm{exp} \left(-\frac{z^4\xi}{2}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2}+s^2\right)\sqrt{\xi^2-1}-\xi^3\right)\right),\N\]\Nwhere \(U_n\) denotes the orthornormal Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.\N\NFinally, an electrostatic interpretation of the zeros of the polynomials \(P_n(x;z)\) is given in terms of the so-called holonomic differential equation. The authors conclude the article with some numerical tests concerning these zeros as well as the asymptotic behaviour of the rescaled polynomials.

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