The 3x + 1 Problem and Its Generalizations

DOI10.2307/2322189MaRDI QIDQ3680903zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jeffrey C. Lagarias

Publication date 1985

Published in The American Mathematical Monthly (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.2307/2322189

zbMATH Keywords

\(3x+1\) problembibliographycoefficient stopping timeCollatz problemConway's resultdivergent trajectoriesergodic theoryfractional parts of \((3/2)^ k\)Hasse algorithmhistoryiterationKakutani problemno nontrivial cyclesstopping timesurveySyracuse problemUlam problem

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to number theory (11-02) Recurrences (11B37) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Special sequences (11K31)

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Cited in

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• Endomorphisms of the shift dynamical system, discrete derivatives, and applications
• The Collatz problem
• On heights in the Collatz 3n+1 problem
• Random sequence generation by cellular automata
• A generalization of Everett's result on the Collatz \(3x+1\) problem
• The \(3x +1\) problem: Two stochastic models
• On consecutive numbers of the same height in the Collatz problem
• On some difference equations with eventually periodic solutions
• Closed-form analytic maps in one and two dimensions can simulate universal Turing machines
• Functional equations associated with congruential functions
• Functional equations connected with the Collatz problem
• On a class of 2-adic functions related to the ``\(3x+1\)-problem
• The autoconjugacy of the \(3x+1\) function.
• Structure theorem for (d,g,h)-maps.
• Frontier between decidability and undecidability: A survey
• Some results on the Collatz problem
• Nonclassical birational models for \(\operatorname{Spec}\mathbb{Q}\)
• A topological approach to the Ulam-Kakutani-Collatz conjecture
• The \(3x+1\) problem: a lower bound hypothesis
• A linear algebra approach to the conjecture of Collatz
• A generalization of the Syracuse algorithm in \({\mathbb{F}}_ q[x]\)
• Injectivity and surjectivity of Collatz functions
• A note on Mignosi's generalization of the \((3X+1)\)-problem
• Progress of iteration theory since 1981
• Statistical properties of an iterated arithmetic mapping
• On the combinatorial structure of \(3N+1\) predecessor sets
• A difference equation with eventually periodic solutions
• The word problem for one-relation monoids: a survey
• Multiplication algorithm based on Collatz function
• An automated approach to the Collatz conjecture
• Arithmetic sequences and blocks of powers of two in the Collatz array
• The Collatz conjecture and the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator
• Conway's work on iteration
• Sorted fibs in base 3/2
• Collatz conjecture revisited: an elementary generalization
• Novel theorems and algorithms relating to the Collatz conjecture
• Combining dynamic and static slicing for analysing assembler
• Die another day
• On the probabilistic proof of the convergence of the Collatz conjecture
• Visualizing generalized \(3x+1\) function dynamics based on fractal
• The Collatz conjecture in a group theoretic context
• Wildness of iteration of certain residue-class-wise affine mappings
• Tag systems and Collatz-like functions
• A generalization of Dirichlet approximation theorem for the affine actions on real line
• A probabilistic model for the 5\(x\)+1 problem and related maps
• The 3x+1 semigroup
• Criteria of measure-preserving for p^k-Lipschitz mappings
• Generalized inverses and the total stopping times of collatz sequences
• A new statistic for the 3x+1 problem
• The 3x+1 problem and directed graphs.
• Inductive complexity measures for mathematical problems
• The 3n+1-conjecture
• Model-checking \(\mathrm{CTL}^*\) over flat Presburger counter systems
• The 3x+1 Problem: An Overview
• A 3x+1 survey: number theory and dynamical systems
• Stochastic models for the 3x+1 and 5x+1 problems and related problems
• Unpredictable iterations
• Teaching the computer how to discover(!) and then prove(!!) (all by itself(!!!)) analogues of Collatz's notorious 3x + 1 conjecture
• Results on the \(3x+1\) and \(3x+d\) conjectures
• Lower bounds for Z-numbers
• The ultimate challenge. The \(3x+1\) problem
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5866417 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5866431 (Why is no real title available?)
• Global asymptotic stability for minimum-delay difference equations
• Real 3𝑥+1
• A Dual-Radix Approach to Steiner’s 1-Cycle Theorem
• Collatz on the dyadic rationals in \([0.5, 1)\) with fractals: how bit strings change their length under \(3x+1\)
• Exploring the \(3x+1\) problem. I.
• BENFORD'S LAW FOR THE $3x+1$ FUNCTION
• Increasing integer sequences and Goldbach's conjecture
• Periodic solutions to some difference equations over the integers
• Periodicity and boundedness for the integer solutions to a minimum-delay difference equation
• Information: The Algorithmic Paradigm
• A note on some piecewise-linear difference equations with Mersenne-type periodic solutions
• An Undecidable Permutation of the Natural Numbers
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3910471 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3924878 (Why is no real title available?)
• Imitation of an Iteration
• A Note on the 3x + 1 Problem
• Algorithmes pour vérifier la conjecture de Syracuse
• A remark about the density of the orbits of the Collatz permutation
• On the nonexistence of nontrivial small cycles of the \(\mu\) function in \(3x+1\) conjecture
• Iterates of Number Theoretic Functions with Periodic Rational Coefficients (Generalization of the 3x+ 1 Problem)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 58307 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 166925 (Why is no real title available?)
• Universal pattern generation by cellular automata
• Maximum excursion and stopping time record-holders for the problem: Computational results
• A prelude to the 3x+1 problem
• Embedding the 3x + 1 Conjecture in a 3x + d Context
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 566416 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1740999 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1114509 (Why is no real title available?)
• A Collatz-type conjecture on the set of rational numbers
• Clusters of integers with equal total stopping times in the 3x+1 problem
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6902897 (Why is no real title available?)
• The Collatz problem in the light of an infinite free semigroup
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2144365 (Why is no real title available?)
• Some remarks about the Collatz problem
• On the nonexistence of $2$-cycles for the $3x+1$ problem
• The set of rational cycles for the 3x+1 problem

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