Vector valued invariant means, complementability and almost constrained subspaces
Let \(X\) be a real Banach space. In his seminal work [Extension of compact operators. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1964; Zbl 0141.12001)] \textit{J.~Lindenstrauss} studied an intersection property for closed balls, popularly denoted now by \(IP_{f,{\infty}}\). This involves any collection of finitely intersecting closed balls in \(X\), having non-empty intersection. This for example is always the case in a dual space, or a space which is the range of a projection of norm one in some dual space. \textit{P.~Bandyopadhyay} and \textit{S.~Dutta} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 132, No.~1, 107--115 (2004; Zbl 1050.46013)] call a closed subspace \(Y \subset X\) an almost constrained (AC) subspace if any family of balls with centres from \(Y\), intersecting in \(X\), has non-empty intersection in \(Y\). \(IP_{f,\infty}\) of \(X\) is equivalent to $X$ being an AC subspace of some dual space. The property AC is also equivalent to saying that for all \(x \notin Y\), there is a contractive projection from \(\operatorname{span}\{x,Y\}\) onto \(Y\). \textit{J.~Lindenstrauss} gave an example of an AC subspace of codimension \(2\) that is not the range of a projection of norm one [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 15, 403--406 (1964; Zbl 0125.06601)]. For a cardinal number \(\gamma \geq \omega\) and \(\lambda \geq 1\), the author considers \((\gamma,\lambda)\)-AC subspaces, where the collection in the above definition is replaced by a collection indexed by \(\alpha < \gamma\) and the intersection in the subspace is allowed to have radius multiplied by~\(\lambda\). A result similar to the main result of Bandyopadhyay and Dutta [loc. cit.] is obtained in this context.
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