Semi-stable vector bundles on elliptic curves and the associative Yang-Baxter equation (Q2428154)

The authors study unitary solutions of the associative Yang-Baxter equation (AYBE) with spectral parameters, they show that to each point \(\tau\) from the upper half-plane and an invertible \((n\times n)\)-matrix \(B\) with complex coefficients, one can attach a solution of AYBE with values in \(\mathrm{Mat}_{n \times n}(\mathbb C) \otimes \mathrm{Mat}_{n \times n}(\mathbb C)\), depending holomorphically on \(\tau\) and \(B\). Moreover, some of these solutions are computed explicitly. Let \(A=\mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C)\). Consider the embeddings \(\rho_{12}\), \(\rho_{13}\), \(\rho_{23}\) of \(A\otimes A\) into \(A\otimes A\otimes A\) defined by \(\rho_{12}(x\otimes y)=x\otimes y\otimes 1_A\), \(\rho_{13}(x\otimes y)= x\otimes 1_A\otimes y\), \(\rho_{23}(x\otimes y)= 1_A\otimes x\otimes y\). For a meromorphic function in two variables \(r: \mathbb C^2\to A\otimes A\) define \(r^{12}\), \(r^{13}\), \(r^{23}\) by \(r^{ij}=\rho_{ij}\circ r\). Then the equation \[ r^{12}(u, x)r^{23}(u+v, y)=r^{13}(u+v, x+y)r^{12}(-v, x)+r^{23}(v, y)r^{13}(u, x+y) \] is called the associative Yang-Baxter equation (AYBE). This equation was introduced by \textit{A.~Polishchuk} [Adv. Math. 168, No. 1, 56--95 (2002; Zbl 0999.22023)], it is a generalization of Fay's identity. Consider the automorphism \(\rho: A\otimes A \to A\otimes A\) defined by \(\rho(x\otimes y)=y\otimes x\). The authors study the unitary solutions of AYBE, i.~e., solutions satisfying \(r(-u, -x)=-\rho(r(u, x))\). Fix a parameter \(\tau\) from the upper complex half-plane and an invertible \((n\times n)\)-matrix \(B\). Let \(\Lambda= \mathbb Z+\tau\mathbb Z\) be the lattice defined by the parameter \(\tau\). Let \(E=\mathbb C/\Lambda\) be the corresponding elliptic curve (complex torus). An automorphy factor of rank \(n\) is a holomorphic map \(A: \mathbb C\to \mathrm{GL}_n(\mathbb C)\) such that \(A(z+1)=A(z)\) for all \(z\in \mathbb C\). Then using the equivalence relation \((z, v)\sim (z+1, v)\sim (z+\tau, A(z)v)\) one obtains the quotient topological space \(\mathcal E(A)=\mathbb C\times \mathbb C^n/\sim\) together with the canonical projection \(\mathcal E(A)\to \mathbb C/\Lambda=E\). Moreover, \(\mathcal E(A)\) is a vector bundle of rank \(n\) over \(E\). It is a known fact that all vector bundles over \(E\) can be obtained in this way. Hence \textit{M.~F.~Atiyah}'s classification of indecomposable vector bundles from [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., III. Ser. 7, 414--452 (1957; Zbl 0084.17305)] can be reformulated using automorphy factors. In particular, every degree zero line bundle is isomorphic to \(\mathcal E(\exp(2\pi i \lambda))\) for some \(\lambda\in \mathbb C\). Denote \(\mathcal L_\lambda=\mathcal E(\exp(2\pi i \lambda))\). Let \(B\) be a fixed matrix from \(\mathrm{GL}_n(\mathbb C)\). Put \(\mathcal F_\lambda=\mathcal E(B)\otimes \mathcal L_\lambda\) for \(\lambda \in \mathbb C\). Let \(\mathfrak S(B)\) be the spectrum of \(B\). Let \(\Sigma=\Sigma_B\) be the set \(\{\lambda-\lambda' \mid \exp(2\pi i\lambda), \exp(2\pi i\lambda')\in \mathfrak S(B)\}+\Lambda\subset \mathbb C\). Let \(y_1\) and \(y_2\) be representatives of two different points in \(E\), i.~e., two complex numbers such that \(y_1-y_2\) does not belong to the lattice \(\Lambda\). Let \(\mathbb C_{y_1}\) and \(\mathbb C_{y_2}\) denote the corresponding skyscraper sheaves on \(E\). Let \(v_1\) and \(v_2\) be two complex numbers such that their difference \(v_1-v_2\) does not belong to \(\Sigma\). Then, using the vanishing of \(\mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_{v_1}, \mathcal F_{v_2})\) and \(\mathrm{Ext}^1(\mathcal F_{v_1}, \mathcal F_{v_2})\), which follows from the Atiyah's classification expressed in terms of automorphy factors, one gets the linear map \[ m_3: \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_{v_1}, \mathbb C_{y_1})\otimes \mathrm{Ext}^1(\mathbb C_{y_1}, \mathcal F_{v_2})\otimes \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_{v_2}, \mathbb C_{y_2})\to \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_{v_1}, \mathbb C_{y_2}) \] called the triple Massey product. By Serre duality this leads to the linear map \[ \tilde m_{y_1, y_2}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_2}: \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_1, \mathbb C_{y_1})\otimes \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_2, \mathbb C_{y_2})\to \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_2, \mathbb C_{y_1})\otimes \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_1, \mathbb C_{y_2}), \] where \(\mathcal F_i\) stays for \(\mathcal F_{v_i}\). Since the derived category \(D^b(\mathrm{Coh}(E))\) has a structure of an \(A_\infty\) category, there is the equality \[ m_3\circ (m_3\otimes 1 \otimes 1 + 1\otimes m_3 \otimes 1 + 1\otimes 1\otimes m_3)=0 \] for triple Massey products. It has been shown by Polishchuk in [loc. cit.] that under the Serre duality mentioned above this equality transforms to \[ (\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_2}^{\mathcal F_3, \mathcal F_2})^{12}(\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_3}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_3})^{13}-(\tilde{m}_{y_2, y_3}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_3})^{23}(\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_2}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_2})^{12}+(\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_3}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_2})^{13}(\tilde{m}_{y_2, y_3}^{\mathcal F_2, \mathcal F_3})^{23}=0. \] Moreover, the existence of a cyclic \(A_\infty\)-structure on \(D^b(\mathrm{Coh}(E))\) implies the equality \(\rho(\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_2}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_2})=-\tilde{m}_{y_2, y_1}^{\mathcal F_2, \mathcal F_1}\), where \(\rho\) is the isomorphism \[ \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_1, \mathbb C_{y_1})\otimes \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_2, \mathbb C_{y_2})\to \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_2, \mathbb C_{y_2})\otimes \mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_1, \mathbb C_{y_1}), \quad f\otimes g\mapsto g\otimes f. \] Since for every automorphy factor \(A\) or rank \(n\) there is a canonical trivialization of the pull-back \(\pi^*\mathcal E(A)\) with respect to the canonical projection \(\pi: \mathbb C\to E\), one gets canonical isomorphisms \(\mathrm{Hom}(\mathcal F_{v}, \mathbb C_{y})\to \mathbb C^n\), \(v, y\in \mathbb C\). This allows to identify the linear map \(\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_2}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_2}\) with a map \(\mathbb C^n\otimes \mathbb C^n\to \mathbb C^n\otimes \mathbb C^n\) and hence with an element from \(\mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C)\otimes \mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C)\). This way one gets a meromorphic map \[ r_B : \mathbb C^2_{(v_1, v_2)}\times \mathbb C^2_{(y_1, y_2)}\to \mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C)\otimes \mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C) \] sending \((v_1, v_2; y_1, y_2)\) to the tensor corresponding to \(\tilde{m}_{y_1, y_2}^{\mathcal F_1, \mathcal F_2}\). This map is holomorphic around points \((v_1, v_2; y_1, y_2)\) such that \(v_1-v_2\not \in \Sigma\), \(y_1-y_2\not \in \Lambda\) and depends holomorphically on \(B\). Since \(r_B\) depends only on the differences \(v_1-v_2\) and \(y_1-y_2\), putting by abuse of notation \(r_B(v, y)=r_B(v, 0; 0, y)\), one gets a meromorphic function \(r_B: \mathbb C^2\to \mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C)\otimes \mathrm{Mat}_{n\times n}(\mathbb C)\), which holomorphically depends on \(B\) and is holomorphic on \((\mathbb C\setminus \Sigma)\times (\mathbb C\setminus \Lambda)\). The two equalities for \(\tilde{m}_{y_i, y_j}^{\mathcal F_\mu, \mathcal F_\nu}\) mentioned above transform then to AYBE and the unitarity condition, i.~e., \(r_B\) is a unitary solution of AYBE. The paper under review consists of 4 sections. Section~1 is an introduction. The main construction is briefly described in Section~2. The main theorem is proved in Section~3. Section~4 provides some explicit solutions of AYBE.