Distribution of simple zeros of polynomials
Real polynomials: location of zeros (26C10) Zeros of polynomials, rational functions, and other analytic functions of one complex variable (e.g., zeros of functions with bounded Dirichlet integral) (30C15) Approximation by polynomials (41A10) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)
Let \(P_n\) be a monic polynomial of degree \(n\). We can define its normalized zero counting measure by \(\nu_{P_n} (A): n^{-1}\) \(\times\) number of zeros of \(P_n\) in \(A\). It is well known that if \(\{P_n\}^\infty_{n=1}\) is a sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials corresponding to a measure positive a.e. on \([-1,1]\), then they have \(\arcsin\) distribution; more precisely, \(\nu_{P_n}\) converges weakly, as \(n\to\infty\), to the \(\arcsin\) measure \(dw(x) =\pi^{-1} (1-x^2)^{-1/2} dx\), \(x\in (-1,1)\). It was P. Erdős and P. Turán [Ann. Math. 41, 162-173 (1940; Zbl 0023.02201)] who gave the first quantitative (discrepancy type) estimates of \(\nu_{ P_n} -w\) for general polynomials under assumptions on \(A_n:2^n|P_n |_{L_\infty [-1,1]} \). In 1992, H.-P. Blatt [J. Approximation Theory 69, No. 3, 250-268 (1992; Zbl 0757.41011)] made a breakthrough by realizing that, in many applications, the zeros \(\{x_{jn}\}^n_{j=1}\) of \(P_n\) are simple, and we have lower bounds for \(P_n'\): \(|P_n' (x_n(x_{jn}) |\geq 1/B_n 2^n\). The present work is a definitive improvement of Blatt's result: Let \(C_n: \max \{A_n, B_n, n\}\); then \[ \bigl|(\nu_{P_n}- \omega) [a,b]\bigr |\leq c\frac {\log C_n} n\log \frac n{\log C_n}, \] for all intervals \([a,b]\) of \([-1,1]\). Here \(c\) is an absolute constant. The author shows by example that one can replace \(\leq\) by \(\geq\) for suitable sequences of polynomials, intervals, and a smaller \(c\). This is a classic paper, as important as that of Erdős and Turán on the subject.
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