Super-cocharacters, star-cocharacters and multiplicities bounded by one. (Q1014804)

Let \(F\) be a field of characteristic 0 and let \(F\langle Y,Z\rangle\) be a free associative superalgebra, where \(Y=\{y_1,y_2,\dots\}\) and \(Z=\{z_1,z_2,\dots\}\) are, respectively, the sets of free even and odd generators. Let \(P_n^{\mathbb{Z}_2}\) be the set of multilinear polynomials of degree \(n\) in \(y_1,z_1;\dots;y_n,z_n\). Studying the \(\mathbb{Z}_2\)-graded polynomial identities of a superalgebra \(A\), one considers the super-cocharacter sequence \(\chi_n^{\mathbb{Z}_2}(A)=\sum_{|\lambda|+|\mu|=n}m_{\lambda,\mu}(A)\chi_{\lambda,\mu}\), \(n=0,1,2,\dots\). Here \(\chi_n^{\mathbb{Z}_2}(A)\) is the \(H_n\)-character of \(P_n^{\mathbb{Z}_2}/(P_n^{\mathbb{Z}_2}\cap\text{Id}^{\mathbb{Z}_2}(A))\), where \(\text{Id}^{\mathbb{Z}_2}(A)\) is the \(\mathbb{Z}_2\)-graded T-ideal of the graded identities of \(A\), \(H_n=\mathbb{Z}_2\wr S_n\) is the hyperoctahedral group and \(\chi_{\lambda,\mu}\) is the irreducible \(H_n\)-character (indexed by pairs of partitions \((\lambda,\mu)\)). (This is an analogue of the cocharacter sequence involving representations of the symmetric group \(S_n\) in the case of ordinary polynomial identities.) The paper under review is motivated by the paper by \textit{A. Z. Anan'in} and \textit{A. R. Kemer} [Sib. Mat. Zh. 17, 723-730 (1976; Zbl 0357.16014), translation in Sib. Math. J. 17(1976), 549-554 (1977)], which gives a sufficient and necessary condition for the distributivity of the lattice of subvarieties of a variety of associative algebras. One of the main results of the present paper is that the multiplicities \(m_{\lambda,\mu}(A)\) are bounded from above by 1 if and only if \(A\) satisfies the polynomial identities \(\alpha y_1z_2+\beta z_2y_1=0\) and \(\gamma y_1[y_1,y_2]+\delta [y_1,y_2]y_1=0\), where \(0\neq (\alpha,\beta),(\gamma,\delta)\in F^2\). This is equivalent to the distributivity of the lattice of subvarieties of the variety of superalgebras generated by \(A\) (and the distributivity of the lattices of \(\mathbb{Z}_2\)-graded T-ideals containing \(\text{Id}^{\mathbb{Z}_2}(A)\)). Further, the authors consider similar problems for *-polynomial identities of algebras with involution, where \(F\langle Y,Z\rangle\) is the free associative algebra with involution and \(Y\) and \(Z\) are, respectively, the sets of symmetric and skew-symmetric variables. Again, the cocharacter sequence \(\chi_n^*(A)\) is with respect to the representations of the hyperoctahedral group. The second main result of the paper gives that \(m_{\lambda,\mu}(A)\leq 1\) if and only if \(A\) satisfies one of the *-identities \(y_1z_2+z_2y_1=0\), \(y_1z_2-z_2y_1=0\) and \(y_1z_2=0\). The authors construct explicitly algebras whose *-identities are equivalent to one of these three identities. The condition that \(m_{\lambda,\mu}(A)\leq 1\) for all pairs of partitions \((\lambda,\mu)\) guaranties that the lattice of subvarieties of the variety of algebras with involution generated by \(A\) is distributive, but this condition is not necessary. The authors construct a simple example for a variety of algebras with involution with distributive lattice of subvarieties and \(m_{\lambda,\mu}=2\) for a suitable chosen \((\lambda,\mu)\). Although not explicitly stated, the considerations in the paper give a sufficient and necessary condition for the distributivity of the lattice of subvarieties also in the case of *-polynomial identities: One considers, respectively, the symmetric and skew-symmetric components of \(P_n^{\mathbb{Z}_2}\) and the corresponding \(H_n\)-cocharacter sequences \((\chi_n^*)^+(A)=\sum_{|\lambda|+|\mu|=n}m_{\lambda,\mu}^+(A)\chi_{\lambda,\mu}\) and \((\chi_n^*)^-(A)=\sum_{|\lambda|+|\mu|=n}m_{\lambda,\mu}^-(A)\chi_{\lambda,\mu}\). Then the distributivity is equivalent to the conditions \(m_{\lambda,\mu}^+(A)\leq 1\), \(m_{\lambda,\mu}^-(A)\leq 1\) for all \((\lambda,\mu)\) but the expression of these conditions in terms of *-polynomial identities seems to be more complicated.