Singularities and normal forms of observed dynamics (Q1109724)

Dynamical systems defined by ordinary differential equations (*) \(x'=f(x)\), \(x\in {\mathbb{R}}^ n \)are considered. Since the state variable x may be not directly observable, there is an output function \(y=h(x): {\mathbb{R}}\) \(n\to {\mathbb{R}}\) associated with (*). Observed dynamics (f,h) and (g,k) are said to be locally equivalent if there exists a local diffeomorphism of the state \(\phi\) such that \((D\phi)f=g\circ \phi\), \(h=k\circ \phi\). The authors give a classification of observed dynamics under this equivalence relation. For a residual set of observed dynamics (in the \(C^{\infty}\) Whitney topology) normal forms are also given. It turns out that if f(p)\(\neq 0\) for some p, then the observed variable y behaves as a polynomial locally around p. If \(f(p)=0\), the dynamics of f around p is of the linear type.