Biorthogonality and para-orthogonality of \(R_I\) polynomials (Q1616128)

Motivated by linear combinations of polynomials and their orthogonality as well as algebraic properties, the aim of the present paper is to study the linear combination of two successive \(R_I\) polynomials of a sequence \(\{\mathcal P_n(\lambda)\}_{n=0}^\infty\) that satisfies \[ \mathcal P_{n+1}(\lambda) = \rho_n(\lambda - \beta_n)\mathcal P_n(\lambda) + \tau_n(\lambda - \gamma_n)\mathcal P_{n-1}(\lambda)\, , \quad n\geq 1, \] with \(\mathcal P_1(\lambda) = \rho_0(\lambda - \beta_0)\) and \(\mathcal P_0(\lambda) = 1\), such that \[ \mathcal Q_n(\lambda) := \mathcal P_n(\lambda) + \alpha_n \mathcal P_{n-1}(\lambda)\,,\quad \alpha_n \in\mathbb R - \{0\}\,, \;n \geq 0\, , \] where \(\beta_0 \neq 0,\pm1\) and \(\beta_n \neq 0\), \(n \geq 1\). The authors construct a unique sequence \(\{\alpha_n\}_{n=0}^\infty\) such that \(\{\mathcal Q_n(\lambda) \}_{n=0}^\infty\) not only satisfies mixed recurrence relations of \(R_I\) and \(R_{II}\) type but also has a common zero. The novelty in their approach is that the authors actually construct such a sequence before studying its orthogonality properties. A biorthogonality relation arising from such a sequence is discussed. With certain additional conditions, the authors also show that a para-orthogonal polynomial of degree \(n\) can be obtained from \(\mathcal Q_{n+1}(\lambda)\).