Regular formal moduli spaces and arithmetic transfer conjectures (Q1709765)

The authors formulate arithmetic transfer conjectures, which are variant of arithmetic fundamental lemma conjectures in the sense of [\textit{M. Rapoport} et al., Compos. Math. 149, No. 10, 1631--1666 (2013; Zbl 1300.11069)] and [\textit{W. Zhang}, Invent. Math. 188, No. 1, 197--252 (2012; Zbl 1247.14031)]. More explicitly, let $p$ be an odd prime number and $F_0$ be a finite extension of $\mathbb{Q}_p$ with residue field $k$. Let $F/F_0$ be a quadratic field extension. Let $S_n:=\{s \in \mathrm{Res}_{F/F_0}\mathrm{GL}_n | s\bar{s} = 1\}$ and $S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ be the subsets of regular semi-simple elements. Let $W_0$ and $W_1$ be the respective split and non-split $F/F_0$-Hermitian spaces of dimension $n$. \par For a function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$, an element $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ and $s \in \mathbb{C}$, define the weighted orbital integral \[\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f',s) := \int_{\mathrm{GL}_{n-1}(F_0)} f'(h^{-1}\gamma h)|\mathrm{det}\; h|^s\eta(\mathrm{det}h)dh,\] and its special value \[\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') := \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f',0).\] Similarly, the special value of its derivative can be defined as \[\partial\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') := \dfrac{d}{ds}\big|_{s=0} \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f',s).\] The function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ is said to transfer to the pair of functions $(f_0,f_1)$ if whenever $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matches $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_i)(F_0)_{rs}$, we have \[\omega(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = \mathrm{Orb}(g,f_i),\] where $\omega:S_n(F_0)_{rs} \to \mathbb{C}^{\times}$ is a fixed transfer factor. \par Let $\breve{F}$ be the completion of a maximal unframified extension of $F$ and $O_{\breve{F}}$ its ring of integers. Denote by $\mathcal{N}_n$ the formal scheme over $\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}$ representing the function which associates each $\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}$-scheme $S$ the set of isomorphism classes $(X,\iota,\lambda,\rho)$, where $X$ is a formal $p$-divisible $O_{F_0}$-module of relative height $2n$ and dimension $n$, $\iota: O_F \to \mathrm{End}(X)$ is an action of $O_f$ extending the $O_{F_0}$-action and satisfying the Kottwitz condition of signature $(1,n-1)$ on $\mathrm{Lie}(X)$, $\lambda$ is a principal polariztion on $X$ whose Rosati involution induces the automorphism on $O_f$ via $\iota$, and $\rho$ is a framing of the restriction of $X$ to the special fiber of $S$ compatible with $\iota$ and $\lambda$. \par Let $\overline{\omega}$ be a uniformizer in $F_0$. If $\lambda$ is almost principal, i.e., $\mathrm{ker}\lambda \subset X[\iota(\overline{\omega})]$ is of rank $q^2$, one can define a closed of formal schemes $\tilde{\delta}_{\mathcal{N}}: \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \widetilde{N_n}$ via $(X, \iota, \lambda) \mapsto (X \times \overline{\mathcal{E}}, \iota \times \overline{\iota}_{\mathcal{E}}, \lambda \times \overline{\omega}\lambda_{\mathcal{E}})$. It further induces a closed embedding $(\mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{N}_{n-1}}, \tilde{\delta}_{\mathcal{N}}): \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \times_{\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}} \tilde{N}_n$, whose image is denoted by $\widetilde{\Delta}$. For every $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$, let \[\mathrm{Int}(g) := \chi(\mathcal{N}_{n-1} \times_{\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}} \tilde{N}_n, \mathcal{O}_{\widetilde{\Delta}} \otimes^{\mathbb{L}}\mathcal{O}_{(1 \times g)\widetilde{\Delta}}).\] \par Consider the characteristic function $1_{K' } \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ where $K' := S_n(O_{F_0}) \cap K_0(\overline{\omega})$ and $K_0(\overline{\omega})$ denotes the subgroup of matrices in $\mathrm{GL}_n(O_F)$ which are congruent modulo $\overline{\omega}$ to a lower triangular block matrix with respect to the decomposition $O_F^n = O_F^{n-1} \oplus O_{F^e}$. \par {Conjecture 1}. Let $F/F_0$ be unramified. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] For any $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(0,1_{K_1})$, there exists a function $f'_{corr} \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ such that \[\omega_S(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q + \omega_S(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f'_{corr})\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$. \item[(b)] Suppose that $\gamma \in S(F_0)_{rs}$ matches $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$. Then \[\omega_S(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,(-1)^{n-1}1_{K'}) = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q.\] \end{itemize} {Theorem 1}. Conjecture 1 holds true in the non-degenerate case if the arithmetic fundamental lemma conjecture in its Lie algebra version holds, provided that $q \geq n$. If $F_0 = \mathbb{Q}_p$, then Conjecture 1 holds true for $n=2,3$. \par Assume that $F/F_0$ is ramified. One needs to impose a condition on the polarization $\lambda$ and the action of $O_F$ induced by $\iota$ on the Lie algebra of the $p$-divisible groups involved. When $n$ is odd, one has the following arithmetic transfer conjecture: \par {Conjecture 2}. Let $F/F_0$ be ramified, and let $n \geq 3$ be odd. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] For any $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0},0)$, there exists a function $f'_{corr} \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q + \omega(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f'_{corr})\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$. \item[(b)] There exists a function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0},0)$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q.\] \end{itemize} To form the arithmetic transfer conjecture in the case when $n$ is even, since there is no natural morphism $\delta_{\mathcal{N}} : \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_n$. The authors show that one has two closed embeddings $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^+ : \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_n^+$ and $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^- : \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_n^-$. Let $\Delta$ be the union of the graph subschemes of $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^+$ and $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^+$ inside $\mathcal{N}_{n-1} \times_{\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}} \tilde{N}_n$. Consider the two $\pi$-modular lattices $\lambda_0^{\pm}$ contained in $\lambda_0^{\flat} \oplus O_{F^{u_0}}$ and denote by $K_0^{\pm}$ their stabilizers in $U(W_0)(F_0)$. The authors made the following arithmetic transfer conjecture when $n$ is even. \par {Conjecture 3}. Let $F/F_0$ be ramified, and let $n \geq 2$ be even. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] For any $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^+}+1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^-},0)$, there exists a function $f'_{corr} \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q + \omega(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f'_{corr})\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_1)(F_0)_{rs}$. \item[(b)] There exists a function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^+}+1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^-},0)$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f')=-\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_1)(F_0)_{rs}$. \end{itemize} {Theorem 2}. If $F_0 = \mathbb{Q}_p$, then Conjecture 2 holds true for $n=2$.