Entropy spectrum of Lyapunov exponents for nonhyperbolic step skew-products and elliptic cocycles (Q1741654)

Let \((\Sigma_{N},\sigma)\) be the full shift system with \(N\ge 2\) symbols. Given a finite family \(\{f_j: S^1 \to S^1| 0\le j < N \}\) of circle diffeomorphisms, one can define the induced skew product \(F: \Sigma_{N} \times S^1 \to \Sigma_{N} \times S^1\), \((\xi, x) \mapsto (\sigma (\xi), f_{\xi_0} (x))\). The (fiber) Lyapunov exponent \(\chi(\xi, x, F)\) is defined as \[\chi(\xi, x, F) = \lim_{n\to \pm\infty} \frac{1}{n} \log |(f_{\xi}^n)'(x)|\] when the limits exist and coincide as \(n\to \pm\infty\). Consider the level sets \(\mathcal{L}(\alpha) =\{(\xi, x)\in \Sigma_{N} \times S^1 | \chi(\xi, x, F) =\alpha \}\), \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\). These sets, being \(F\)-invariant, usually are non-compact and have some features like fractals. Putting them together, we say that they form a multifractal system. The authors consider the set \(\mathrm{SP}^{1}_{\text{shyp}}(\Sigma_{N} \times S^1)\) of skew products \(F\) with some hyperbolicity. They prove that for each \(F\in \mathrm{SP}^{1}_{\text{shyp}}(\Sigma_{N} \times S^1)\): (1) there exist \(\alpha_{\text{min}} < 0 < \alpha_{\text{max}}\) such that \(\mathcal{L}(\alpha) \neq \emptyset\) if and only if \(\alpha \in [\alpha_{\text{min}}, \alpha_{\text{max}}]\); (2) the Bowen topological entropy \(h_{\text{top}}(F, \mathcal{L}(\alpha))\) depends continuously on \(\alpha \in [\alpha_{\text{min}}, \alpha_{\text{max}}]\), and is concave on both subintervals \( [\alpha_{\text{min}}, 0]\) and \( [0, \alpha_{\text{max}}]\); (3) the variational principle \(\displaystyle h_{\text{top}}(F, \mathcal{L}(\alpha)) = \sup\{h_{\mu}(F): \mu\in \mathcal{M}_{\text{erg}}(F), \chi(\mu) = \alpha\}\) holds for every \(\alpha \in [\alpha_{\text{min}}, \alpha_{\text{max}}] \backslash \{0\}\); (4) assuming that \(F\) satisfies the proximality property, there exist exactly two ergodic measures \(\mu_{+}\) and \(\mu_{-}\) such that \(h_{\mu_{\pm}}(F) = \log N\), and \(h_{\text{top}}(F, \mathcal{L}(\alpha)) \in (0, \log N)\) for every \(\alpha \in (\alpha_{\text{min}}, \alpha_{\text{max}}) \backslash \{\chi(\mu_{+}), \chi(\mu_{-})\}\). Note that the projective action of a matrix \(A \in \mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbb{R})\) on \(\mathbb{P}^1\) is a circle diffeomorphism. The authors show that their results apply to an open and dense subset of elliptic \(\mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbb{R})\) cocycles.