Criteria for existence of Riesz bases consisting of root functions of Hill and 1D Dirac operators (Q1760159)

The authors consider the system of root functions (a) of the Hill operator \[ Ly=-y^{\prime \prime }+\upsilon (x)y,\quad x\in I=[0,\pi ] \] with periodic, \[ y\left( 0\right) =y\left( \pi \right) ,\quad y^{^{\prime}}\left( 0\right) =y^{^{\prime }}\left( \pi \right), \] and anti-periodic, \[ y\left( 0\right) =-y\left( \pi \right) ,\quad y^{^{\prime }}\left( 0\right) =-y^{^{\prime}}\left( \pi \right), \] boundary conditions, where the potential \(\upsilon (x)=\upsilon (x+\pi )~\)is a complex-valued function \(\upsilon \in L^{2}\left( I\right) \) (or in the case of a singular potential \(\upsilon \in H_{\text{per}}^{-1}\)); and (b) of the one-dimensional Dirac operators \[ \begin{aligned}\ell_{1}(y)&=iy_{1}^{'}+P(x)y_{2}, \\ \ell_{2}(y)&=-iy_{2}^{'}+Q(x)y_{1}\end{aligned} \] with periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions, where \(P,Q\in L^{2}\left( I\right) \). A series of necessary and sufficient conditions (in terms of Fourier coefficients of the potentials and related spectral gaps and deviations) for the system of root functions to contain a Riesz basis are proven. They give the localization of the spectra and the Riesz projections for the Hill and Dirac operators. Equiconvergence theorems are used to explain the basis property of the system of root functions in \(L^{p}\)-spaces and other rearrangement invariant function spaces.