Generating subgroups of the circle using a generalized class of density functions (Q2020426)

One can begin with authors' abstract: ``In this article, we consider the generalized version \(d^f_g\) of the natural density function introduced in [\textit{K. Bose} et al., Indag. Math., New Ser. 29, No. 5, 1196--1209 (2018; Zbl 1439.28002)] where \(g : \mathbb N \rightarrow [0,\infty)\) satisfies \(g(n) \rightarrow \infty\) and \(\frac{n}{g(n)} \nrightarrow 0\) whereas \(f\) is an unbounded modulus function and generate versions of characterized subgroups of the circle group \(\mathbb T\) using these density functions. We show that these subgroups have the same feature as the s-characterized subgroups [\textit{D. Dikranjan} et al., Fundam. Math. 249, No. 2, 185--209 (2020; Zbl 1453.22003)] or \(\alpha\)-characterized subgroups [\textit{K. Bose} et al., Acta Math. Hung. 162, No. 2, 633--646 (2020; Zbl 1474.22008)] and our results provide more general versions of the main results of both the articles. But at the same time the utility of this more general approach is justified by constructing new and nontrivial subgroups for suitable choice of \(f\) and \(g\). In several of our results we use properties of the ideal \(\mathbb Z_g(f)\) which are first presented along with certain new observations about these ideals which were not there in [\textit{K. Bose} et al., Indag. Math., New Ser. 29, No. 5, 1196--1209 (2018; Zbl 1439.28002)].'' Special attention is given to characterized subgroups of the circle group and to the notion of density function, and to related investigations. The present research contains two main parts. The moduler simple density ideal is investigated, several observations are presented, and their applications are considered. Also, characterized groups are studied by the notion of density function. The authors note that the notions of density functions, precisely, the natural density \(d\), the natural density \(d_{\alpha}\) of order \(\alpha\), and certain their generalizations, are special cases of \(d^f_g\). Finally, certain non-trivial Borel subgroups of \(\mathbb T\) are constructed and are considered.