Global analytic hypoellipticity for a class of evolution operators on \(\mathbb{T}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^3\) (Q2040139)

The problem of the global hypoellipticity for operators on a compact manifold $M$ is attracting the attention of several scholars, see for example the recent contributions by \textit{F. de Ávila Silva} et al. [J. Anal. Math. 135, No. 2, 527--573 (2018; Zbl 1408.35239)], \textit{A. P. Bergamasco} et al. [J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 23, No. 1, 65--90 (2017; Zbl 1357.35020)]. In the present paper the authors consider the manifold $M=T\times N$, obtained as product of the circle $T$ with variable $t$, and the 3-dimensional sphere $N$, regarded as a Lie group with respect to the quaternionic product in dimension 4. Denoting $L$ the left-invariant vector field on $N$ known as the neutral operator, the authors consider $Q=d/dt+c(t)L+q$, where $c(t)$ is a complex valued analytic function and $q$ is a complex constant. A necessary and sufficient condition for the global analytic hypoellipticity of $Q$ is given, expressed in terms of the celebrated $(P)$ condition of Nirenberg-Trèves and additional analytic Diophantine relations. The clever proof is based on the Fourier representation of functions and distributions in $T\times N$, by using the Lie structure of $N$, cf. [\textit{M. Ruzhansky} and \textit{V. Turunen}, Pseudo-differential operators and symmetries. Background analysis and advanced topics. Basel: Birkhäuser (2010; Zbl 1193.35261)].