Norm derivatives and geometry of bilinear operators (Q2043267)

Suppose \(X\) is a real normed linear space. The norm derivatives \(\rho_+(x,y)\) and \(\rho_-(x,y)\) at a unit vector \(x\in X\) in the direction of \(y\in X\) are defined as follows: \[ \rho_+(x,y)=\lim_{\lambda\to 0+}\frac{\|x+\lambda y\|-\|x\|}{\lambda}, \quad \rho_-(x,y)=\lim_{\lambda\to 0-}\frac{\|x+\lambda y\|-\|x\|}{\lambda}. \] For \(x,y\in X,\) \(x\) is said to be Birkhoff-James (B-J) orthogonal to \(y\) if \(\|x+\lambda y\|\geq \|x\|\) for each scalar \(\lambda\) and \(x\) is said to be strongly B-J orthogonal to \(y\) if \(\|x+\lambda y\|> \|x\|\) for each non-zero scalar \(\lambda.\) In this article, the authors explore the connection between norm derivatives and B-J orthogonality. They obtain a characterization of left and right symmetric points of \(X\) in terms of norm derivatives. Furthermore, the authors provide a characterization of strong B-J orthogonality in \(\ell_1^n\) and \(\ell_\infty^n.\) Then they define a variation of B-J orthogonality in \(X\) and characterize it in terms of norm derivatives. Moreover, the authors generalize some previously known results related to (approximate) B-J orthogonality and smoothness of bounded linear operators and bilinear operators.