Deformations of Lagrangian submanifolds in log-symplectic manifolds (Q2074827)

In this paper, the authors study topics on the deformation of those Lagrangian submanifolds that are contained in the singular locus of a log-symplectic manifold. They define the notion of a Lagrangian submanifold \(L\) in a Poisson manifold \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \) by the characteristic properties: for any \(p\in L\), (i) \(T_{p}L\cap T_{p}\mathcal{O}\) is a Lagrangian subspace of the symplectic vector space \(T_{p}\mathcal{O}\) for the symplectic leaf \(\mathcal{O}\) of \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \) with \(p\in\mathcal{O}\), and (ii) \(\Pi_{p}^{\#}\left( \left( T_{p}L\right) ^{0}\right) =T_{p}L\cap T_{p}\mathcal{O}\) for the annihilator \(\left( T_{p}L\right) ^{0}\subset T_{p}^{\ast}M\) of \(T_{p}L\) and the canonical bundle map \(\Pi^{\#}:T^{\ast}M\rightarrow TM\). Then it is shown that any Lagrangian submanifold \(L\) transversal to the symplectic leaves of \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \) has a neighborhood which is Poisson diffeomorphic to a neighborhood of \(L\) in the Poisson manifold \(\left( T^{\ast}\mathcal{F}_{L},\Pi_{can}\right) \), where \(\mathcal{F}_{L}\) is the foliation on \(L\) induced by a foliation \(\mathcal{F}\) (proved to exist) by symplectic leaves in some neighborhood of \(L\) in \(M\) and \(\Pi_{can}\) is the canonical Poisson structure on the total space of the leafwise cotangent bundle \(T^{\ast }\mathcal{F}_{L}\rightarrow L\). By a log-symplectic manifold, we mean a \(2n\)-dimensional Poisson manifold \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \) with the section \(\wedge^{n}\Pi\) being transversal to the zero section of the line bundle \(\wedge^{2n}TM\), and the submanifold \(Z:=\left( \wedge^{n}\Pi\right) ^{-1}\left( 0\right) \) is called the singular locus of \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \). The authors focus on the study of Lagrangian submanifolds \(L\) contained in the singular locus \(Z\) of a \(2n\)-dimensional log-symplectic manifold \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \), and such a manifold \(L\) has a codimension-one foliation \(\mathcal{F}_{L}\). It is shown that the modular class of \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \) can be represented by a pair \(\left( \left[ \gamma\right] ,\left[ X\right] \right) \in H^{1}\left( \mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \times H^{0}\left( \mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \) for some closed foliation 1-form \(\gamma\in\Omega_{cl}^{1}\left( \mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \) and \(\mathcal{F}_{L}\)-preserving vector field \(X\mathfrak{\in}\mathfrak{X}\left( L\right) ^{\mathcal{F}_{L}}\) where the foliated de Rham cohomology \(H^{0}\left( \mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \cong\mathfrak{X}\left( L\right) ^{\mathcal{F}_{L}}/\Gamma\left( T\mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \). A normal form theorem describing, in the context of \(T^{\ast}\mathcal{F}_{L}\times\mathbb{R}\), the log-symplectic structure of a tubular neighborhood of \(L\) is presented, and Lagrangian deformations \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\)-close to \(L\) are shown to be exactly the graphs of sections \(\left( \alpha,f\right) \) of the vector bundle \(T^{\ast}\mathcal{F}_{L}\times\mathbb{R}\rightarrow L\) satisfying the system of equations \(d_{\mathcal{F}_{L}}\alpha=0\) and \(d_{\mathcal{F}_{L}}f+f\left( \gamma-\mathcal{L}_{X}\alpha\right) =0\), which is the Maurer-Cartan equation of a differential graded Lie algebra introduced in general by Cattaneo and Felder. Now assume that \(L\) is compact and connected. It is proved that if \(\mathcal{F}_{L}\) is the fiber foliation of a fiber bundle \(L\rightarrow S^{1}\), all \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\)-small deformations of \(L\) stay inside \(Z\) when \(\left[ \gamma|_{B}\right] \neq0\in H^{1}\left( B\right) \) for all leaves \(B\) of \(\mathcal{F}_{L}\). On the other hand, if \(\mathcal{F}_{L}\) has dense leaves and \(\dim\left( H^{1}\left( \mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \right) <\infty \), then all \(\mathcal{C}^{\infty}\)-small deformations of \(L\) stay inside \(Z\) when \(\gamma\in\Omega_{cl}^{1}\left( \mathcal{F}_{L}\right) \) is not exact. Furthermore, a solution \(\left( \alpha,f\right) \) of the linear part of the above Maurer-Cartan equation, called a first order deformation of \(L\), is smoothly unobstructed, i.e., smoothly extendable to a path of Lagrangian deformations, if and only if \(\alpha\) extends to a closed 1-form on \(L\backslash\mathcal{Z}_{f}\) for the zero locus \(\mathcal{Z}_{f}\) of \(f\). It is also found that a compact \(L\) with dense leaves is infinitesimally rigid under Poisson isotopies, i.e., the formal tangent space \(T_{\left[ L\right] }\mathcal{M}^{Poiss}=0\) for the moduli space \(\mathcal{M}^{Poiss}\) that classifies \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\)-small Lagrangian deformations up to Poisson isotopy of \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \).