Convergence and almost sure properties in Hardy spaces of Dirichlet series (Q2122071)

This is a remarkable continuation of a series of recent articles trying to establish a modern theory of general Dirichlet series \(D = \sum_n a_n e^{-\lambda_n s}\); here \(s \in \mathbb{C}\) is a complex variable, the \(a_n\)'s form the coefficients, and \(\lambda = (\lambda_n)\) is the frequency (i.e., a sequence of non-negative, strictly increasing real numbers tending to \(\infty\)). The article is divided into three sections. The first section isolates a new condition on \(\lambda\) (denoted by ($NC$)), which ensures that a somewhere convergent \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet series defining a bounded function on the right half-plane, converges uniformly on every smaller half-plane. Conditions of this type are fundamental for the understanding of general Dirichlet series, and \((NC)\) indeed extends famous work of H.~Bohr (condition \((BC)\)) and E.~Landau (condition \((LC)\)). Using alternative techniques (as e.g. Saksman's vertical convolution formula), Bayart's new condition \((NC)\) is applied to improve recent maximal inequalities from [\textit{I. Schoolmann}, Math. Nachr. 293, No. 8, 1591--1612 (2020; Zbl 07261807)]. For \(1 \leq p \leq \infty \) the Hardy space \(\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)\) of \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet series is defined as the completion of all finite \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet polynomials \(D = \sum_{n=1}^N a_n e^{-\lambda_n s}\) under the \(\mathcal{H}_p\)-norm \[\|D\|_p = \lim_{T \to \infty} \frac{1}{2T} \Big(\int_{-T}^{T} |D(it)|^p dt \Big)^{1/p}\,.\] However, this internal description is often not sufficient to understand the structure of these Banach spaces. Following earlier work of Bayart for ordinary Dirichlet series (\(\lambda = (\log n)\)), a~group approach is suggested in [\textit{A. Defant} and \textit{I. Schoolmann}, J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 25, No.~6, 3220--3258 (2019; Zbl 1429.43004)], and among others carefully studied in [\textit{A. Defant} and \textit{I. Schoolmann}, Math. Ann. 378, No.~1--2, 57--96 (2020; Zbl 1483.43006)] and [\textit{A. Defant} and \textit{I. Schoolmann}, J. Funct. Anal. 279, No.~5, Article ID 108569, 36~p. (2020; Zbl 1470.43006)]. The second section of this article answers non-trivial questions arising from these works -- mainly extending a famous theorem of Helson to Dirichlet series in \(\mathcal{H}_1(\lambda).\) It shows that if \(\lambda\) satisfies the new condition \((NC)\) and \(D = \sum_n a_n e^{-\lambda_n s} \in \mathcal{H}_1(\lambda),\) then for almost all homomorphisms \(\omega: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{T}\) the Dirichlet series \(D = \sum_n \omega(\lambda_n)a_n e^{-\lambda_n s}\) converges pointwise on \([\Re s>0]\). Moreover a maximal inequality is added, and a non-trivial counterexample showing that such a result is false for arbitrary \(\mathcal{H}_1(\lambda)\)-Dirichlet series (we note that for \(1 < p < \infty\) Helson's theorem in the above sense holds for any \(\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)\)-Dirichlet series without any further assumption on~\(\lambda\)). These results indicate that the Hardy spaces \(\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)\) seem to behave well whenever we consider their `almost everywhere properties'. A further non-trivial problem is to determine the optimal half-plane \([\Re s > \sigma_{\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)} ]\), where \(\sigma_{\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)}\) is defined to be the best \(\sigma \in \mathbb{R}\) such that the convergence abscissa \(\sigma_{c}(D)\) of all \(D \in \mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)\) is \(\leq \sigma\). Previous work of Bayart shows that, based on the multiplicativity of \(\lambda = (\log n)\) and the hypercontractivity of the Poisson kernel acting on the Hardy space \(H_1(\mathbb{T})\), we have \(\sigma_{\mathcal{H}_p((\log n))} = \frac{1}{2}\) for all \(1 \leq p < \infty\). A natural guess would be that \(\sigma_{\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)} = \frac{L(\lambda)}{2} \) for all \(1 \leq p < \infty\), where \(L(\lambda) = \limsup_n \frac{\log n}{\lambda_n} \) (following Bohr, this number equals the width of the largest possible strip on which a \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet series converges but does not converge absolutely). For \(p=2\) this is indeed true, but in contrast to the ordinary case, there is no hope to get a similar result for \(p\neq 2\). Among others, it is proved that \(\sigma_{\mathcal{H}_1(\lambda)} \leq 2 \sigma_{\mathcal{H}_2(\lambda)}\) for all frequencies, and that there exists a frequency with Bohr's condition \((BC)\) for which we here even have equality.