Approximation orders of real numbers by \(\beta\)-expansions (Q2197635)

The authors note the following investigations: ``We prove that almost all real numbers (with respect to Lebesgue measure) are approximated by the convergents of their \(\beta\)-expansions with the exponential order \(\beta^{-n}\). Moreover, the Hausdorff dimensions of sets of the real numbers which are approximated by all other orders, are determined. These results are also applied to investigate the orbits of real numbers under \(\beta\)-transformation, the shrinking target type problem, the Diophantine approximation and the run-length function of \(\beta\)-expansions.'' In this paper, a survey is devoted to known results related with \(\beta\)-expansions. Basic definitions and properties for \(\beta\)-expansions are given. The separate attention is given to \(n\)-th cylinders defined in terms of \(\beta\)-expansions. One can note the following main result of this research. Let \(\beta>1\) be a fixed number and \(\lambda\) be the Lebesgue measure on \([0, 1]\), \[ [0,1]\ni x=\sum^{\infty} _{k=1}{\frac{\varepsilon_k(x)}{\beta^k}} \] and \[ \omega_n(x)=\sum^{n} _{k=1}{\frac{\varepsilon_k(x)}{\beta^k}}. \] Theorem. Let \(\beta>1\) be a real number. Then for \(\lambda\)-almost all \(x\in [0, 1)\), \[ \lim_{n\to\infty}{\frac{1}{n}\log_{\beta}{(x-\omega_n(x))}}=-1. \] Several main results are related to the following set \[ \left\{x\in[0,1): \liminf_{n\to\infty}{\frac{1}{\phi(n)}\log_{\beta}{(x-\omega_n(x))}}=-1\right\}, \] where \(\phi\) is a positive function defined on the set of all positive integers. All proofs are given with explanations.